Electronic Health Record Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Electronic Health Record - Assignment Example It is an open source of information on health care (especially HIV) in developing countries of Africa. It is based on the information of various records updated in the EMR which are then refined and analyzed in the EHR. This system is state of the art technology. It covers almost every feature that would help to maintain the record of any person or country. It is also a user-friendly system, which allows a user to freely roam about in various interfaces. The flexibility offered by this system is also another feature which makes it more desirable, medical support information could be access in the remotest of the geographical regions (Mamlin et al., 2006). The start-up, maintenance and implementation cost of this product can be troublesome. Start-up and implementation cost is quite high and it requires huge sums of money in the starting phase, but with the passage of time, it becomes cheaper as the maintenance cost is not that high, which are also some of its biggest demerits. ‘Concept Dictionary’ is the idea that OpenMRS is based on. The idea is to store useful medical information such as clinical findings, lab results and even the socio-economic data. The concept is extremely successful as it becomes relatively easy to update the data set if a new disease is added, there is no need for modification, plus sharing of this medical information is also very convenient. The modular construction of OpenMRS is the real benefit that sets it apart from other ambulatory EHR devices. Its ease of use also includes the facility of putting it on a single laptop or on a large server and works with all major operating systems like Mac OS X, Windows and Linux.eMIX stands for Electronic Medical Information Exchange and is based on the concept of cloud-computing (Leslie, 2012), where one could manage, retrieve and update information in a server without actually connecting with it, through the means of internet or web-based tools and application. eMIX is develo ped to address the challenge of sharing the medical images from one interface to another, while they are not on the same network of a server.

He Steps in the Planning Process Essay Example for Free

He Steps in the Planning Process Essay Breaking them down and justifying the reason of choosing them as way to anticipate the outcomes of these goals. It will be a must to make these objectives clear, specific and enough information, such as dividing them in sectors or even in departments in order to guarantee realistic objectives and showing the opportunities as well as problems that the company will experience on the course of the activities. Thirdly will be a the stage of Drawing up Premises. This will involve the establishment of planning assumptions, for instance, to show the future environment in which the plans are expected to occur (Cronje, 2004). The setup of premises is vital to the success of planning and before plans are prepared, the assumptions and conditions need to be defined in order to make possible prediction of the events or activies to happen in the future. Therefor contingency plans may be prepared for alternate possible situations. The fourth stage on this process will be Development of Various Course of Action as a way to establish alternative ways in which the identified goal can be achieved. It is on this step that as a manager will need to outline the tasks required to meet the objective, as each goal should have a task or projects associated with its achievement. Step five will be Evaluating Alternatives, it is important to bear in mind that the alternatives defined in the previous step need to be evaluated in terms of various factors, including the planning premises developed in step 3. Prioritizing goals and tasks is about ordering objectives in terms of their importance, so the tasks deemed most important will theoretically be approached and completed first. Because the prioritizing process may also reflect steps necessary in completing a task or achieving a goal. On the step six, Selecting a Course of Action is the result of step five. A management plan should include a contingency plan if certain aspects of the master plan prove to be unattainable. The selection of course of action can be incorporated into each segment of the planning process or for the plan in its entirety. The seventh step is Formulating Derivative Plans, it involves the drawing up of plans which support the initial plan says Cronje, 2004. Once the goal are defined and planning premises are identified, management can formulate plans and strategies for the accomplishment of desired results. Although the responsibility of planning belongs to the managers, the subordinates ought to be consulted, as the are the one who will curry out the development of the activities. The available alternatives should be evaluated in the light of objectives and planning premises. If the evaluation shows that more than one alternative is equally good, the various alternatives may be combined in action. The last step on this process will be the Budgeting, it serves to establish the resources available for the manger to carry out the plans and achieve organizational goals Cronje, 2004. In order to any business plan be possible we must have financial and human resources projections that will make the goals achievable. Depending on what to achieve a management plan may identify the number of people required how much money will be needed for instance. Reference: Du Toit, Erasmus and

Fast Fashion Target Market

Fast Fashion Target Market There are quite large amount of literatures show the supply chain and the market strategy of the fast fashion firms. However, establishing new fast fashion firms in China also need to know the local information such as the Chinese customers buying behavior, the preferred location, the marketing tools they used, etc. The fast fashion model is suitable for the Chinese Market is the main hypothesis. In order to better understand the meaning from the collected data, some sub-hypothesizes were proposed and then be verified through data analysis and conduction. Thus, the income or the cost on clothes per month has the direct link with the buying behavior. The target customer for fast fashion brand prefer to be more fashionable, however, the budget is always limited. They did not quite prefer famous brands and foreign brands. That matches our hypothesis (The income will influence customers buying behavior.). We use Zara as an example to analyze the consumers attitude to a fast fashion brand and their buying behavior. The satisfaction reasons for Zara, the kinds of clothes customers prefer to buy in Zara, the reasons for them to buy and the place they get the fashion information. We get the data as below. We classify those 132 of 228 people who have shopped or visited Zara stores for the following analysis. We list seven main factors or namely the advantages for buying Zara. As analysis shows above that the Store Location is the most important factor which has an average score of 6.9 in 10. The speed of fashion update and the fashionable are following which both have an average mark of 6.6. Furthermore, the shopping environment and the design of clothes are also two influential factors. Actual need is the main reason for consumers to buy new clothes.However, there are also quite a large amount also choose spontaneous shopping, special discount and fashion followers. That means besides the actual need, consumers buying behavior is also affect by the spontaneous, speicial discount, fashion trend and etc. As the question Where do you get the fashion information? shows, magazines and Internet rank the first and second. More than half of the respondents choose these two as the major tool they get the information. Following with the store window decoration, the percentage of this tool is also very high which means it is also a factor cant be ignore. Thus, the fast fashion firms need to put more emphasis on their marketing through magazines, Internet and the store window decoration. According to feedback we get from the questionnaires, 95.50% consumers of Zara buy daily casual clothes, which means the demands for daily casual are the largest part. Meanwhile, actual need and special discount rank high in the reasons to buy clothes. Moving forward to the income per month part, it shows that the major consumers of Zara are the middle classes. This group of customers is purposefully and efficiently and they are more knowledge about what they want, where they can buy them and when they will buy (Levy S. J. Rook D. W., 1999). They have more own opinion for choosing the clothes. Fashionable but in best price (HM Annual Report 2009, 2010) this slogan of fast fashion might be suitable for this group of consumers. This group of people prefers to get the fashion information from magazine, Internet and store window decoration. Fast fashion firms always have opposite views for the marketing communication. Zara tends to use store window decoration to show its brand image it only has some marketing performance in the beginning of a new store (Ghemawat Nueno, 2003). However, other fast fashion firms such as HM invest more on marketing communications in order to enhance its brand image (HM Website, 2010). Furthermore, based on an analysis for the Frequency Tendency analysis of consumer behavior in Shanghai (He, 2006), we can summarize the characteristics of consumer behavior as the following points: They consider not only the price, but also the taste of fashion. Consumers in Shanghai are generally more rational, price-comparison shopping. They will do more comparison with the products which have the similar feature and select the one with reasonable price. This means they seek the high quality and style. Brand loyalty. Most consumers know their favorite brands. Some of them will not replace the daily use of the brand. Great room for online consumption. Higher education, younger consumers with more online shopping experience, and they are more willing to accept this mode of consumption. Combine our survey with the Frequency Tendency analysis of consumer behavior in Shanghai (He, 2006), we get the result that Zara is successful because of its ability to catch customers needs. They know the suitable store location in a city, the kind of clothes consumers buy most and also the right communication tool for a fast fashion brand. As fast fashion is quite unique and the business model is different from traditional fashion brand, knowing their customers buying behavior seems to be very important. Thus, our hypothesis seems to be right in fast fashion brands. The store location should be in the shopping center so that customers could easily see their store and get the latest fashion information from the window decoration. Meanwhile, the major kind of clothes customer prefers is daily casual as it is the mostly actual need. Furthermore, as quick response is the vital advantage of fast fashion brand, the communication way is also need to be considered carefully. The magazine and the internet are the top two communication ways that the customers get the fashion information. Their rapid responses agree with the quick response spirit of fast fashion. Thus, the fast fashion industry has a positive develop environment in the east of China, because most of fashion manufactories are located in Chinas eastern regions. As the China Textile Exhibition Report (2008/2009) shows, Chinas textile industry is mainly concentrated in coastal areas and almost over 80% of Large-scale manufactories are centralize in Jiangsu Province, Zhejiang Province, Guangdong Province, Shanghai and Shandong Province. The locations for manufactories are significant for fast fashion firms as they are famous by its rapid response. New firms which intend to open the Chinese market need to put emphasis on the east market not only for its leadership but also for the easy transport location. From all these analysis and findings for questionnaires, we offered five recommendations. As our main aim for this dissertation is to find out whether the fast fashion model is suitable for Chinese market. Therefore it will be quite useful to give some recommendations to help the firms that want to use this kind of business model. Zara is different in the organization and design stage with most of the clothing company. It gets the inspirations from the customer needs and quickly responds to them. Zara always keep pace with fashion, not to predict 6-9 months later or even longer needs as other traditional companies. The team of Zara is built up by the designers, marketers, buyers and cross-functional members. Their functions are to ensure rapid transfer of information, the executable program, and easy to implement. Sourcing and Manufacturing In the stage of purchasing and producing, Zara is different with most of the clothes companies. The major manufactories of Zara are in Europe, and many are based in Spain, around a small range. While other fast fashion firms such as Benetton, Gap, H M are basically as a mode of the first worlds brand, the third worlds production.(Ghemawat Nueno, 2003) The biggest advantage is low cost, while the disadvantage is slow response speed. Inditex in Spain has a capital-intensive manufacturing plant, and it is a vertically integrated organization, it has a dyeing, designing, tailoring and garment processing and delay manufacturing strategy(Inditex website, 2010). Inditex bought white cloth in advance, standardized semi-finished products significantly and shorten the production cycle. By maintaining control of dyeing and processing field, it makes Inditex have on-demand ability to produce new models for providing the necessary cloth. However, the majority of the Chinese fashion companies we re not used to store the fabric and the quantity of every collection was quite large. Zara has the advantage of production speed because it contracts with some small factories. Thus, they could change easily according to the market. Distribution Zara puts more emphasis on speed, and even grab at all costs some time. Because there is no loss of time is the concept of fashion. While other fashion firm pay more attention to the cost. Zaras distribution center is in the fast, efficient operation. In fact, it works just as a clothing center and its main function is turnover, not storage. But many domestic garment enterprises distribution centers are larger and more built inside the mountain of storage product. Basically, all the stores of Zara from distribution centers are with direct distribution model, while most domestic garment enterprises are built of local branches and warehouses. They have links at all levels and a large backlog of finished goods inventory. However, Zara is high frequency, fast, with a small storage; variety of replenishment strategy also ensures a rich store of the kind. Retailing Zara is totally broken the traditional clothing brand practice mode of operation and take a completely different destructive innovation road. The most fundamental factor is its efficient operation as the core operating system for collaborative supply chain. Zara is success of its collaborative supply chain operation. This could be learned by some domestic enterprises. It could be concluded as follows: taking consumer as the center; shortening the prepare time and all supply chains in order to squeeze time and eliminate possible problem; reducing or eliminating those which cannot bring value-added component; being more variety to create in order to enhance brand value and competitiveness. 2. Marketing strategies Comparing with the traditional fashion firms, Zaras marketing strategies is quite unique. It spent quite small amount of money in advertising only in the start of a new store open. (Ghemawat Nueno, 2003) They put emphasis on the rapid consumer information feedback by the store sales people and the decoration for the own store and the window. Through these ways, Zara builds its brand image. In comparison, HM use celebrity effect to attract the consumers. The advantages and disadvantages of Zaras marketing strategy will be explored. A store as a show platform One of the most important reasons of Zaras success is that the company takes every store as its show platform. At the beginning of the new store launched, the location selection is the premier crucial thing for the company to inject fund. Usually, the most prosperous shopping center will be targeted and a large amount of money will be spent on renting the store. Meanwhile, expense will not be saved on window decorations and store settings. The staffs of the stores are asked to wear the uniform and communication skills will be trained as well. Celebrity effect Zara is now participating more in social performance in order to enhance its brand awareness. However, HM represents much wiser than Zara on this point. To illustrate, in terms of brand value, HMs brand value is $12,131 million while Zaras is $8,966 million. (Millward Brown: Top 100 Most valuable global brands 2010, 2010) According to the market value, HM equals to $50,587 million which is 10,468 million more than Zara (about $40,119 million) (HM Annual Report 2009,2010; Inditex Annual Report 2009,2010) . In addition, the brand value of HM takes 24% of the total market value. In comparison, the percentage of Zaras brand value in total market value is 22%. However, the situation above does not means that Zara do not think highly of building brand image. Through the management of every store, namely, the decoration, service, turnover speed and so on, Zara demonstrates its advantages to the customers and passes-by vividly. This is also a good way to build the corporations image and prom ote itself. Methods for consumption stimulation Pricing strategy is also another important factor for Zaras success. The accurate position for target customer, the control of cost and the reasonable price setting plays equal significant role and cannot leave anyone. Because of Zara mainly targets on the young generation, the price element seems to be quite important. Most of the young generations are students in the universities or senior schools. Since they have no job and the parents are their only economy source, they can not afford too expensive clothing or they may hold the conception of saving money. When talking about the young people who are in careers, as they are the trainees or the new arrival staffs, they may have the big pressure of renting house and solving living problems, and have no extra money to buy expensive clothes. Therefore, the young customers might be the price-hunting shopper. They may be hesitating when they decide to buy one new item. Zaras fast update rate solves the problem as it promotes people to bu y the products quickly. Furthermore, discount is absolutely a wise approach to stimulate consumption. To sum up, although Zara still have some disadvantages such as its branding and communication, we can learn quite a lot of experience especially in its unique supply chain. However, the domestic firms can not directly copy Zaras mode because of the business environments, the local markets and the corporations target are distinct from each other. Recommendations First, if the Chinese company want to build international fast fashion brand, effectively collecting the fashion information partly from the customers is quite significant,(à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªREFERENCEà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¦) the store managers and employees have a serious responsibility of this task. Basically, the company should interview and employ the staff who is sensitive at fashion and capable to collect, conclude and express the element of fashion trends. In addition, the staff could adopt the method of questionnaires to investigate the preferences and suggestions of the consumer. Copies of questionnaire could also be sent to the university students in the big city, like Shanghai, Peking, Hangzhou and so on. In order to catch the fashion trends, the company could send the specific investigator to different fashion zones to travel, observe and get the fashion trend, for instance, Nanjin g Street of Shanghai, Wangfujing Street of Beijing, and etc. Second, China mainly plays a role of an export country rather than an import country. The material in China is relatively sufficient and ready to use.(à ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã‚ ®-Recommendationà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¸) Like Zara, the vertically integrated structure of the organization could be found, forming design, manufacturing and delivery as a vertical line. Therefore, both the time and the money will be saved. From the domestic country, the rough material is relatively cheaper than that from other countries and there will be no tax on the freight. Furthermore, the shipping expense will be saved as well. In addition, discount is a good way to sell as well if the cost price is low. Third, in China, most of the companies still hold the perspective of saving cost rather than saving time. Absolutely, saving time needs money. However, saving time could gain more time, more chance, and more profit which could cover the costs. It benefits the companys image and strengthens the competitive power.(à ¦Ã…“â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã…  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  ref) Aiming at the time element, the inventory or distribution center should pay more attention on turnover rather than storage. The direct distribution model and variety of replenishment strategy could be adopted in the company to ensure the high speed of goods turnover and storage supplement. On one part, it will build good image of the company at the operational level. On another part, fast-changing goods in stores could stimulate the consumption. It gives pressure on the consumers and reduces the time on considering whether to buy or not. Fourth, the company in China often is divided into several parts and each manager only take note of his own department.(Referenceà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¸) However, it will be better if the departments of the whole supply chain can work coherently and communicate with each other in time. For example, the time to replenish the goods should be supervised orderly and strictly. The daily sales, inventory and after-sale information should be counted and reported to the company. For instance, which are the best and the worst selling, how many items have been sold, and so on. In addition, the unsold clothing could be sent back to the company for the re-manufacture. Fifth, building the brand image through display of stores rather than celebrity effect is a new way for Chinese companies. The new open store should be decorated attractively, especially the display window. The staff in stores could wear the new arrival clothing instead of the uniform to have a show and to attract the consumers. In addition, it is still a good way for Chinese company to invite a film or singing star as a brand image standing for the company because the celebrity effect is relatively strong in China.

Mercedes :: essays research papers

The 1996 Mercedes E320 sustained crash damage to the passenger side front. After we set up and measured the vehicle on the caro-liner frame rack, we found there to be extensive panel, sub frame, and suspension damage. Including consequential interior damage, IE; Driver/passenger airbags deployed, dash panel assembly, and passenger airbags deployed, dash panel assembly, and passenger side mirror. After a complete damage assessment report, we then began disassembly of all damaged panels and assemblies. After the disassembly we decided which parts would be salvaged off of our 1997 Mercedes E320, which parts would be purchased new or those which would need to be straightened and refinished. Once the damaged panels were removed we were able to attach the 10-ton hydraulic ram assembly to the frame rack and began the frame straightening repairs. Our initial pulls were to fix the sway problem of the passenger side front sub frame. This was accomplished by wrapping a chain around the misaligned sub frame, pulling in a straight, level manner opposite the direction of the misalignment. We did several pulls in this manner, stress relieving, before and during, with a ball peen hammer before repositioning for the next pull until brought back into specification. We then positioned our 10-ton ram to the passenger front for repair of the frame rail mash and sag situation sustained on impact. We wrapped the chain around crash impact bar and used it as the hook up point for our pulls. Pulling and stress receiving until it also was within specifications. Our final pull was to the suspension passenger side A-arm. We simply attached our chains to the A-arm and pulled it back into positio n. At this point, we could now begin sectioning and panel removal. This was first done by deciding which panels were to be removed and which were to be repaired. Then all of the spot welds that needed to be removed were marked with a paint marker, so as to only to remove the necessary welds. Some spot welds were located underneath seam sealer and or insulation. We then removed the material with a hand torch to burn the seam sealer, then a steel bristled brush to scratch off the burnt material. We then center drilled all of the marked spot welds with an 1/8† drill bit, followed up by a 5/16† spot weld removal bit to drill out the spot welds along all of the panels to be removed.

The Aging Special Senses

Vanessa McClain Anatomy and Physiology GE 258 Unit 9. Assignment 2. The Aging Special Senses Thursday, November 17, 2011 1. ) Age-related Macular Disease – Is a disease associated with aging that gradually destroys sharp, central vision. Central vision is needed for seeing objects clearly and for common daily tasks such as reading and driving. AMD affects the macula, the part of the eye that allows you to see fine detail. There are two forms of age-related macular degeneration: Dry form and Wet form. The dry form is characterized by the presence of yellow deposits, called drusen, in the macula. A few drusen may not cause change in vision; however, as they grow in size and increase in number, they may lead to a dimming or distortion of vision that people find most noticeable when they read. In more advanced stages, there is also a thinning of the light-sensitive layer of cells in the macula leading to atrophy, or tissue death. In the atrophic form, patients may have blind spots in the center of their vision. The wet form is characterized by the growth of abnormal blood vessels from the choroid underneath the macula. These blood vessels leak blood and fluid into the retina, causing distortion of vision that makes straight lines look wavy, as well as blind spots and loss of central vision. They eventually scar, leading to permanent loss of central vision. They affect daily life in that there is struggle to do housework, studying, shopping, enjoying leisure activities and interests such as reading. 2. ) Glaucoma – Is a disease in which damage to the optic nerve leads to progressive, irreversible vision loss because the aqueous humor does not flow out of the eye properly and fluid pressure builds up over time causing damage to the optic nerve. It is the second leading cause of blindness. It affects one’s daily life such as driving or playing certain sports . It causes contrast sensitivity, problems with glare, and light sensitivity which interfere with daily activities. 3. ) Cataracts – Are cloudy areas in the lens inside the eye which is normally clear. There are two types: Age related cataracts which appear later in life and congenital cataracts, that may be present when a baby is born or shortly after birth. Cataracts cause an individual to see halos around lights. In some, the glare from car ights become bothersome and driving at night may be dangerous. Although far sight is affected more than near vision. If the cataracts are bad enough, it can make reading more difficult as well. 4. ) Detached Retina – Is a disorder of the eye in which the retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue. Initial detachment may be localized, but without rapid treatment the entire retina may detach, l eading to vision loss and blindness. It affects daily activities because of the sudden appearance of â€Å"floaters†, (dark, semi-transparent, floating shapes) in the field of vision or a shower of black dots. These are actually red blood cells because all retinal tears bleed a little when they occur. ) It causes a loss of central vision, a loss of peripheral vision called the â€Å"curtain effect† and brief, bright flashes of light which may be most noticeable when you move your eyes in the dark. 5. ) Deafness (sensorineural and conductive) – Sensorineural hearing loss is due to damage to the pathway that sound impulses take from the hair cells of the inner ear to the auditory nerve and the brain. Conductive hearing loss is caused by anything that interferes with the transmission of sound from the outer to the inner ear. Both of these hearing losses affect daily life because you may experience difficulty localizing sounds or understanding speech in busy environments and participating in everyday normal conversations which can lead to social isolation, frustration, tension, anger, stress and depression. 6. ) Meniere’s Disease – Is a disorder of the inner ear that can affect hearing and balance to a varying degree. It is characterized by episodes of vertigo and tinnitus and progressive hearing loss, though usually in one ear. It affects daily life because for some, sounds appear tiny or distorted and may experience unusual sensitivity to noises. In addition, you may experience a sensation of fullness or pressure in one or both ears and unilateral or bilateral tinnitus. Some may have parasitic symptoms, which aren’t necessarily symptoms of Meniere’s, but rather side effects from other symptoms. Typically these are nausea, vomiting and sweating. 7. ) Ataxia – Is an inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement, most often results from disorders of the cerebellum or the posterior columns of the spinal cord; may involve the limbs, head or trunk. Affects one’s daily life because it can alter a person’s walking pattern. For e. . wide based unsteady gain with difficulty stopping, turning and problem walking in poorly lit areas. It can cause falls due to postural instability, difficulty with tasks requiring fine control and coordination, tremors during voluntary movement, slurred speech and altered handwriting. 8. ) Hyposomnia – literally means â€Å"less† sleep. I t is a condition whereby a person does not need as much sleep as a normal individual. Specifically, they sleep less than 6 hours per night, but are adequately rested. It may occur at the onset, during or at the termination of sleep, and is common among the elderly. It affects daily life because the person that sleeps less but feels they need more experience the same problems as the person with insomnia that cannot sleep more than a few hours but feel they need more. It affects everyday life and activities because it is usually accompanied by general emotional upset, depression, or anxiety. References Conductive and Sensorineural hearing loss | Hearing Aid Know. (n. d. ). Hearing aids – hearing loss – help, information and blog – hear aids | Hearing Aid Know. Retrieved November 13, 2011, from http://www. hearingaidknow. om/2007/10/25/conductive-and-sensorineural-hearing-loss/ Detached Retina (or Retinal Detachment): Eye Conditions: Patient Care: U-M Kellogg Eye Center. (n. d. ). University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Retrieved November 13, 2011, from http://www. kellogg. umich. edu/patientcare/conditions/detached. retina. html Manan Hearing Care | Types of Hearing Loss. (n. d. ). Manan Hearing Care | #1 Midwest On-Site Hearing Care. Retrieved November 13, 2011, from http://mananhearing. com/types_of_hearing_loss. html Meniere's disease – MayoClinic. com. (n. d. ). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved November 13, 2011, from http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/menieres-disease/DS00535 What is Cataracts?. (n. d. ). Consumer Reports: Expert product reviews and product Ratings from our test labs. Retrieved November 13, 2011, from http://www. consumerreports. org/health/conditions-and-treatments/cataracts/what-is-it. htm What is Glaucoma? | Glaucoma Research Foundation. (n. d. ). Glaucoma Research Foundation. Retrieved November 13, 2011, from http://www. glaucoma. org/glaucoma/what-is-glaucoma. php? gclid=CO2f2Jvns6wCFY3KKgodyH2rIQ hyposomnia (thing)@Everything2. com. (n. d. ). Everything2. Retrieved November 13, 2011, from

we are not sub species Essay Example

we are not sub species Essay Example we are not sub species Essay we are not sub species Essay Essay Topic: Hilarious Candidates name: Ahlam Abdisalam Candidate number: 0004 Topic: We are not sub species Question: Teenagers deserve more respect than what they are given, Write an article expressing your views on the above statement? Date: 3/12/2013 Deference to teenagers The meaning of the word teenager is losing its touch with stereotypical Judgments made by adults mostly. The word teenager can be defined as someone who is in the ages thirteen to nineteen, not for someone to be going under any emotional traumas or identity crisis. By this hackneyed statement, teenagers feel as if they are sub pecies when they are Just on the step to adult hood I am appalled by the mentality of some that teenagers are all the same, wild people, if true then I guess its safe to say that adults are the same too? Im committed to making teenagers feel good about themselves and not that they are all alike, giving them a reason to do awful things. As the president of a local youth club, I feel its my duty. I consent completely with Lois McNay, the writer of the article Sub Species, a truthful piece of writing in my view, which gives Justice to teens. At the beginning of her piece she divulges that she doesnt seem to be undergoing any emotional traumas or identity crisis and that she might be letting somebody down. Here she is mocking those who stereotype teenagers to be depressing humans. Putting a label on all teenagers to having identity crisis or emotional traumas is meaningless. There is no evidence confirming this As a matter of fact it seems that adults derive most of their knowledge of teenagers from social media that portray spoilt teenagers, thus they end up confusing fiction with nonfiction. Even supposing that people have identity crisis it doesnt always concern adolescents, it includes adults too. Also emotional traumas are made by children to so why are they always restricting the problems to teens only? Most Judgments made by adults concerning teens are dominated by unfairness. Its hilarious how they assume they are experts about adolescents when they arent. She then moves on to a short story. In summary, one day an insurance man visited her six forms treating all the 18 year olds like complete morons. He asked hem what do we find under roads knowing the answer to be pipelines they responded by saying worms, moles and dead insurance men. She follows by saying if you treat people like idiots they act like idiots. This shows that the disrespect towards teenagers is so popular, everyone expects it. Besides, if all teenagers were to have emotional traumas wouldnt they have reacted to the disrespect towards them? They were mature enough to reply in a mature manner and give him a taste of his own medicine. Later on in the article she says that for many adults there is no uch thing as a teenager who doesnt like discos out of all accusations made by judgmental adults, this angers me most. I work with nothing but youths meaning I have more knowledge about the youth. Many of my club members enjoy being with friends playing games, dancing and gossiping indoors! Im not saying that there are no teenagers who like discos, no. Im simply saying, the same way that some adults at them only? If anyone is to go out discoing its entitled to the teenagers not to adults with so many responsibilities like my own. Recently, near my hometown a fire utbreak was caused by a mother leaving her children at home to go out clubbing. But her kids had been locked in when a fire had started. They then have the audacity to call adolescents irresponsible. Plus, most teenagers arent allowed to enter clubs and discos because of their age, but adults are, so the probability of teenagers discoing varies. Furthermore McNay shows her compassion to adolescents when she declares that some adults patronize teenagers because they are envious of their youth and because the respect they dont get from their peers they demand from heir Juniors I strongly agree with this point as to the fact that back in the days when present adults were teenagers they didnt have all the advantages that the at hand teenagers have now. Clubs, technology, parties, the lot! The difference is tremendous. This in my opinion is the root to all false and Judgmental allegations towards young adolescents. Some adults seem to be so in need for the utmost respect and because they dont gain any respect from their peers they demand it from their Juniors. Not every teenager will be willing to give you the supreme respect, ut adults dont seem to understand that not everyone is the same meaning you shouldnt staple all teenagers with the same sticker. McNay expresses the label given to teenagers about their personalities when she says Unfortunately teenager has come to connote things like selfishness, irresponsibility, and arrogance how can you stereo type such a large group of people to have these aspects? From my observation I have detected that the adolescents attending my youth club arent the slightest bit selfish! If one of them gets into trouble, they all take fault so that specific erson isnt alone; I call that sacrifice not selfishness. And for irresponsibility, many adults claim youngsters as irresponsible because they simply dont have as much of duties in comparison to adults so they enw that and choose to call them irresponsible. The adults that stereotype the youngsters feel as if they are superior over teens, isnt that a sense of the arrogance they use to describe the vulnerable among us? I contradict with McNays point that the word teenager should be abolished, but I plainly want the definition of the word teenager to have its real eaning, to be in the ages thirteen to nineteen because as she says a lot of people would stop making money like stylists or designers as the fashion icon in this century is the mistreated teenagers. Dont they deserve not to be Judged so harshly and to have a little more respect? I feel as if the present teens are being targeted on. Yes, they make mistakes Just the way every other human does, with the purpose of learning from them. The saying dont Judge a book by its cover fits perfectly in this situation.

25 German Loanwords

25 German Loanwords 25 German Loanwords 25 German Loanwords By Mark Nichol The German language has provided English with a huge inventory of words, many of them pertaining to music, science, and politics, thanks to the influence of German-speaking people on those areas of human endeavor. Here are some of the more useful German terms borrowed into English. 1. Achtung (â€Å"attention†): an imperative announcement used to obtain someone’s attention 2. Angst (â€Å"anxiety†): a feeling of apprehension 3. Blitz (â€Å"lightning†): used only literally in German, but in English refers to a sudden movement, such as a rush in a contact sport 4. Carabiner (â€Å"rifle†): an equivalent of the English word carbine, this truncation of karabinerhaken (â€Å"riflehook†) refers to a metal loop originally employed with ropes in mountaineering, rock climbing, and other sports and activities but now widely employed for more general uses 5. Delicatessen (â€Å"delicate eating†): a restaurant or food shop selling meats, cheeses, and delicacies 6. Doppelgnger (â€Å"double-goer†): in German, refers to a look-alike, but in English, the primary connotation is of a supernatural phenomenon either a spirit or a duplicate person 7. Ersatz (â€Å"substitute†): refers to an artificial and/or inferior imitation or replacement 8. Flak (acronym): an abbreviation for â€Å"air-defense cannon† used figuratively to refer to criticism 9. Gestalt (â€Å"figure†): something more than the sum of its parts, or viewed or analyzed with other contributing phenomena 10. Gà ¶tterdmmerung (â€Å"twilight of the gods†): a catastrophic event 11. Hinterland (â€Å"land behind†): originally a technical geographic term; later, in both German and English, came to connote undeveloped rural or wilderness areas, and in British English has a limited sense of â€Å"artistic or scholarly knowledge,† as in â€Å"Smith’s hinterland isn’t very impressive† 12. Kitsch: something of low taste and/or quality, or such a condition 13. Leitmotiv (â€Å"leading motive†): a recurring theme, originally applied to music and later literature and theater but now in general usage 14. Nazi (truncation of â€Å"National Socialist†): originally denoted a person, thing, or idea associated with the German political party of that name and later the national government it dominated; now, by association with Adolf Hitler and the tyranny of the party and the government, a pejorative term for a fanatical or tyrannical person 15. Poltergeist (â€Å"noisy ghost†): a mischievous and/or malicious apparition or spectral force thought responsible for otherwise inexplicable movement of objects 16. Putsch (â€Å"push†): overthrow, coup d’etat 17. Realpolitik (real politics): the reality of political affairs, as opposed to perceptions or propaganda about political principles or values 18. Reich (â€Å"realm†): in German, usually a neutral term for â€Å"empire† or part of a name for a nationalized service, such as the postal service, but in English, because of the Nazi appellation â€Å"the Third Reich,† connotes tyranny 19. Schadenfreude (â€Å"harm joy†): enjoyment of others’ misfortune 20. Sturm und drang (â€Å"storm and stress†): turmoil, drama 21. Verboten (â€Å"forbidden†): prohibited 22. Weltanschauung (â€Å"worldview†): an all-encompassing conception or perception of existence 23. Weltschmerz (â€Å"world pain†): despair or world-weariness 24. Wunderkind (â€Å"wonder child†): a child prodigy 25. Zeitgeist (â€Å"time ghost†): the spirit of the time, or a prevailing attitude, mentality, or worldview Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Incorrect Pronunciations That You Should AvoidRound vs. AroundHyphenation in Compound Nouns

20 Deductive Essay Topics Hooking Ideas about Emma Larkin’s Finding George Orwell in Burma

20 Deductive Essay Topics Hooking Ideas about Emma Larkin’s Finding George Orwell in Burma If you are looking for viable deductive essay topics about the book â€Å"Finding George Orwell in Burma† then consider the twenty items below: The Many Tools Used by the Burmese Government to Control Their People The Most Important Tool Being That of Fear How the Military Intelligence Functions as One of the Tools Used by the Government How Local People Worked as Informers for Military Intelligence Spies How Burmese Government Controlled History by Changing Names and Buildings How Fear of Imprisonment or Torture Kept People from Considering Uprisings How British Names Were Removed And Physical Location Names Changed after 1988 Uprising How People Who Were Murdered by the Government Were Immediately Disposed of and The Blood on The Streets Was Washed Away How the Government Could Alleviate Risk of Any Future Generations Being Motivated by the Uprisings or Actions of Others How the Government Had Sensors in Magazines, Books, Music, and Movies through the Propaganda Branch How the Propaganda Branch Produced Pre-Approved Content for Magazines and Newspapers as Well as Educational Products for Schools How Free Thought Was Stifled through Limiting What People Could Read or Think How Foreign Journalists and Writers Were Not Allowed into the Country and People with Cameras or Notepads Would Be Searched by the Police How the Government Can Delete Anything Found on Cameras Brought into the Country And Sentence Anyone Who Helps Journalists to Death How the Emergency Provisions Act of 1950 Allowed Government to Sentence Citizens to Seven Years in Prison for Providing Information to Journalists Panopticon: a Term from George Orwells Writing Which Is at the Center of This Form of Surveillance How Words from George Orwell Like â€Å"Room 101† And â€Å"Newspeak† Are Represented in This Book How Methods of Surveillance in This Book Are Used Today in a Country Of Your Choosing How George Orwell’s Predictions Have Come to Pass by Way of Fear and Control over Communication How the Country Has Changed With Recent Elections Below you will find an example essay on one of these topics to give you a better idea: Sample Deductive Essay on the Methods of Surveillance In many ways modern governments functions similarly to this. Throughout Middle Eastern countries and even Western countries, the media is controlled by a select few. While the Internet allegedly provides free reign for mass communication and freedom of speech, individuals who speak out against other nations are still deemed a terrorist threat and can have some of their freedoms revoked. Governments will continually survey those they believe to be a threat. This is not something which happens just on the Internet but something which still happens in real time today. Foreigners who may be on a watch list could be permitted in another country but will be monitored the entire time they are there. The NSA was just recently revealed to use surveillance techniques which are illegal on all citizens, national or international. The exploits of the agency revealed that cellphone conversations as well as email correspondence, and Internet activity were surveyed and collected. This is a form of c omplete and comprehensive surveillance of the world. Of course this happens on local levels too, inside companies of all shapes and sizes. Employees of any organization are subject to continual monitoring of their email activity and phone records. In many cases email activity is logged as well as Internet searches and certain websites not permitted during work hours. While in these cases the changes are made to promote productivity and avoid wasting time in the workplace, the methods used are similar to countries which seek total control over the constituents. This is something which even permeates news. News agencies today in many Western countries are only able to remain profitable thanks to advertisements. Advertisements for particular products and/or services directly influence what information is recorded and what information is not. Individuals who might find a viable new story may not be allowed to promote that new story because it reflects poorly on a shareholder or on a subsidiary company of that shareholder. The same thing is true for politicians. Many politicians today are only able to maintain their seat in politics thanks to the donations of powerful and wealthy individuals who then dictate which laws can be passed and which laws cannot. Throughout the world, the media is controlled by a select few, access to internet sites is restricted in countries such as China. In China, even looking at activist sites or working to help Tibet is a punishable offense. Having the wrong books, teaching or talking about threats to the government, and helping a foreigner are all punishable in North Korea. All around the world Governments will continually survey those they believe to be a threat. The national surveillance agency was recently revealed to a completed surveillance on not only international citizens but American citizens. This revelation exposed that all cellphone conversations had been monitored as well as email correspondence and other types of Internet activity. Such complete and total monitoring would constitute that same idea of comprehensive surveillance. This is something which is even done at a much smaller level. Employees of any organization are subject to continual monitoring of their email activity and phone re cords. All of this information from these assigned readings really reflects on how well the Asian communities were controlled during terrible regimes. What is perhaps most disturbing is how long such things have been going on and what little has been done. Some of the most prominent displays of human rights violations have been going on with very little done about it for multiple reasons. The first seems to be reflected the control itself. With complete control over media both in the country and internationally, countries are able to maintain either a specific view of the functions of the country, or no view at all. When there is no view or no changes to the existing view, it makes it easy for citizens to ignore that country and even forget about the plight facing its citizens. By controlling what information reaches the citizens, the government can even make sure the people do not realize what they are missing, and fail to realize how things might be better for them. What these readings re ally bring forth for me though, is how prevalent some of those things are in modern society, and we don’t realize it. Today people use the internet, talk on cell phones, and accept that their actions are all monitored without even thinking twice. People don’t realize just how many of their freedoms they are giving up. References: Cady, John F.  A history of modern Burma. 1960. Davison, Peter, Hoepffner Prà ©face de Marie Hermann, and Jean-Jacques Rosat.  George Orwell. Palgrave Macmillan, 1996. Harvey, Godfrey Eric.  History of Burma. Asian Educational Services, 2000. Kyi, Aung San Suu. II. Freedom, Development, and Human Worth.  Journal of Democracy  6.2 (1995): 11-19. Larkin, Emma.  Finding George Orwell in Burma. Granta Books, 2011. Orwell, George.  Burmese days. Vol. 2. Random House, 1999. Smith, Martin John.  Burma: Insurgency and the politics of ethnicity. Zed Books, 1991.

Thermodynamics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thermodynamics Paper - Essay Example With most substances, the temperature and pressure related to the triple point lie below standard temperature and pressure and the pressure for the critical point lies above standard pressure.   Generally, at normal pressure, as temperature rises, most substances convert from their solid state, to liquid and lastly to a gaseous state. In the same reverse sequence, at standard temperature as pressure decreases, most substances change from the gaseous state to liquid and eventually to the solid state. As noted earlier there are three states of matter, these state are commonly referred to as the phases and they are gas, liquid, and water. In addition to this it is well evidenced that most substances can exist in different states under different conditions, mainly the surrounding temperature and pressure. In the case of water it exists as a solid i.e. ice at temperatures below 0o  C, and as a gas at temperatures above 100o  C. It is important to understand that in most cases the evaluation of these different states is commonly carried out in the near earth environment. This is important to be noted because any given environment is mainly characterized by the temperature and pressure (Gupta 180). Hence under these two parameters, water is in its liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure and at a temperature of 99o  C, however, when the pressure is at 71 cm and the temperature remain constant at 99o  C the phase is changed to a gas. In most substances their boiling points are lowered as the pressure decreases, moreover, their melting point reduces as the pressure decreases. However, the melting point of water is an exception to this rule; ‘It gets lower as the pressure gets higher’ (Gupta 79) Real gases react in the same way just like ideal gases at high temperatures. However, under low temperatures the connections between the molecules and their volume

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Personal statement - Essay Example Moreover, I have pursed different courses related to security sciences from different institutions. I have also worked on my Communications skills through pursuing a Diploma in English Language (Michigan Test) Level 112 ELS Indianapolis in 2011. Although I have completed English languages course, I am still hopeful that I will continuously develop my communications skills through practice when I make interactions with other people. My ultimate purpose is to obtain the highest level of education where I can easily secure a challenging position at a major institution related to my field or at a government organization in Saudi Arabia and/ or contributing towards the betterment of the world in general. I am aware that my application of knowledge is an asset to my community and my country as well. Besides, I am privileged to have received a scholarship from the Saudi government towards the completion of my Master’s degree at the Sacred Heart University. Thus, I pursed my studies without financial challenges and focused more on research work and internship. My personal attributes are; open- mindedness, dedication and ready to learn, and share experiences with others. I have professional knowledge in computer use and all common software. I can also read, write and speak in both Arabic and English. My practical and industrial experiences revolve around working in Criminal Justice field. To begin with, I have been working as a police officer in Ministry of Interior from 1998. In 2000, I began working as an Expert of Forensic Science, Criminal Justice and crime scenes in the general administration of criminal evidences, Ministry of Interior Saudi Arabia. Additionally, I have served in the Department of Firearms & Tool Marks Examination as a Head of Ammunition Department (shots) from 2002-04. In June 2004, I became an Officer in Charge of crime scene, explosion of Almuhaya Residential Complex.

Choosing college majors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Choosing college majors - Essay Example The right college major can land this student a good job or even a career opening pathway for his own self. He will then be able to manifest how and when he needs to maneuver his strengths and how his weaknesses are to be plugged in the shortest possible time. The right college major will help the student to know how he is faring with regards to his counterparts and what his respective study domains mean to him. This is essential to note because the college major will help him decide which course of action to adopt and which one to leave as far as his future endeavors within the study regimes are concerned. The right college major is important to choose for one’s own success as has been proven true through research and evidence of study within the related realms. A college major is essentially the difference between mediocrity and wellness of a student. He can demand a great deal more if the college major is selected in an appropriate way. This will help him to disseminate inf ormation to the people around him as well as for his own realms. The right college major is therefore dependent on the individual under consideration because he can know beforehand what he is delving into, and how he could extract the best possible results out of the related equation (Strasser, 2002). As far as the society is concerning, choosing the right college major would mean that the young ones are on the right path and that there is immense achievement written within their ranks. They are making the best use of their abilities and skills that they have polished through education and in entirety by the college major that they chose for their own selves. It would mean that the society is ready and waiting to derive the potential benefits from such students who will grow up to deliver once they enter within the professional domains. The types of college majors that can be chosen are ranging from law to arts, computing to social sciences, environmental engineering to botany, and so on and so forth. Nearly all fields of education have some majors to choose from and it is totally up to the student what he wishes to have for his own self as far as his future educational undertakings are concerned. During high school, the majors should be given to students based on their intelligence levels because it is their pertinent interest that counts more than anything else. Their grades are not quite representative of the success that they would be able to have within their educational quarters. Therefore intelligence is something that holds fort for them under such discussions. The intelligence cadre is significant because it pinpoints the tilt of the students more than any other facet which comes to the reckoning. It also highlights how intelligence will pave the way for his future growth and development within the professional settings, which remains very quintessential as far as understanding of the college majors are concerned for the sake of the young ones. Howeve r, there are some views which hold fast on to the adage that grades mean everything as far as choosing the college major is concerned. One can understand that there is biasness involved within the making up of such viewpoints because the grades do not justify the basis of success that a student would be able to achieve during his academic career. Intelligence and a

Universalism in Human Resource Management Is Dead Research Paper

Universalism in Human Resource Management Is Dead - Research Paper Example The last twenty five years have witnessed the field of human resource undergo huge changes in a bid to make it a scientific discipline with its own theories, assumptions and strategies. These developments led to the introduction of HRM in the MBA curriculum, leading to the discipline becoming a major part of business strategy development (Budhwar and Khatri, 2001). Questions began to emerge however regarding the nature of human resource management as a discipline with many scholars and businesses criticizing it for lacking in credible theoretical foundations. This led to development of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM), a subfield of Human resource management that focuses on integrating the process of strategic management in to the field of human resource management. This led to development of three main theoretical perspectives or approaches in the discipline, namely universalistic, contingency and configurational approaches. The universalistic approach in Human resource ma nagement outlines the best practices in the field with the objective of encouraging application of those practices by companies and businesses across the globe and from different industries (Goodman & Truss, 2004). This perspective highlights the fact that there are some HRM practices that are certainly better than others. Companies should therefore focus on adopting these best strategies for their own success in implementation of their Human Resource Management strategies. Among some of the practices identified by the proponents of the universalistic Human resources perspective include seven strategies namely selective hiring, employment security, extensive hiring, self-management teams, extensive training, reduction of differences in status, information sharing and high salaries and wages based on the company’s performance. Universalists in Human Resource management believe that these strategies should be applied universally by all companies and that they are bound to lead to great success (Balogun, 2006). Another reason why Universalists promote the application of universal best practices is rooted in the scientific belief that the relationship between dependent and independent variable is always the same universally. It therefore does not matter where the industry is located of in which industry it is, since the relationship between human resource and success of the company is the same universally. In the second approach, the Contingency perspective, the application of Human Resource policies by any company must be consistent with the other policies and functions of the company. This perspective lays great emphasis on aligning HRM policies with company strategies based on the ‘best fit’ policy (Lewin, & Peters, 2006). The best fit policy posits that there are some Human resource policies that will fit better with the strategic functions and goals of the company. The company should therefore implement only those HR policies that better f it or merge with their general company strategies, policies and functions. Human Resource policies should be able to relate well with the companies lifecycle in order for them to be successful.

The Pros and cons of The Globalization Process Essay

The Pros and cons of The Globalization Process - Essay Example This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of globalization phenomena, considering pros and cons of the process and assessing its role in the modern world of today. With the advent of the internet and massive computing systems that are nevertheless small in physical scale, the world is becoming an ever-shrinking globe. The concept of a shrinking world, a world wherein travel, trade and communications between countries is becoming easily accessible by all, is luring more companies into the worldwide market thanks to significant advances in transportation, communication and a recognition of the success of libertarian marketing systems. The globalization of markets has accelerated through universal acceptance of the democratic free enterprise model and new communication technologies, including satellites and the Internet. Changes in the way in which organizations conduct business have been rapid and wide-spread as the globalization concept has been introduced. It is the inherent nature of the marketplace to increase efficiency within the workplace by constantly striving to produce the most products with the least expenditure of resources. It is this concept that drove many corporations to join in the globalization process, frequently outsourcing their activities and production processes to less developed countries in which this process is less expensive and requires fewer restrictions, licensing, and controls. Global markets offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more and larger markets around the world.

Prevention of Wound Infection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Prevention of Wound Infection - Essay Example Hands must be decontaminated with alcohol based product after contact with body fluids, excretions, mucous membrane contact, no intact skin contact, or wound dressings as long as hands are not visibly soiled. After contact with a patient's intact skin (as when taking a blood pressure) it also should be used. When it is necessary to move from a contaminated body site to a non-contaminated body site, before caring for patients with neutropenia, before putting on sterile gloves for inserting catheters, when helping with any procedure, and after removing gloves. Hand wash between every patient, when hands are visibly dirty and when cannot tolerate alcohol based products (CDC.gov) Standard precautions should be used with every patient, whether there is infection or not. The tenet accepted here is that all patients are colonized with some organism which you do not want to carry to the other patient (Edmonston, Krepe, WIlson, et.al, 2008). Using standard precautions means the use of gloves, and other barriers when necessary and Hand Washing. It also includes proper handling of patient care equipment and linen, environmental control, prevention of injury with sharps, and how patients are placed when admitted to a facility. When it becomes necessary, standard precautions must move to isolation precautions. Isolations precautions are determined by ... If a wound becomes infected, it is contact (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, & Cheever, 2008). In the case of surgical wound or other clean wound, however, there is more that will need to be done, that is called aseptic technique. They include the use of only sterile materials within the sterile field. Sterile surfaces and articles may touch other sterile surfaces only. If they touch any other area, they are no longer sterile. Knowing when to use sterile supplies and knowing when to use clean supplies becomes very important. Changing a surgical dressing correctly and keeping the area clean is important, as well as keeping the overall patient and bedding clean. Policies are must be in place to assure that everyone is following wound care techniques as determined to be the best at all times. Proper hygiene for the nurse and all other healthcare workers is mandatory. Educating the patient as well as far as keeping hands away from dressing and washing hands often or using alcohol based solution and not laying things across a dressing. Disposal of rubbish is important using the proper technique and doing it often, especially if there is any kind of matter that contains any drainage or dried blood. Nutrition is not often thought of but patients do poorly and get infections faster if their nutritional status is not good. It may be important to supplement the patient that is unable to eat because of surgery, for example. The patient who has had abdominal surgery may need PPN or TPN to keep his protein levels high enough to help him heal. Moving the patient quickly not only stimulates circulation and bowel action but also helps the patient to prepare to go home faster and it is well know that being out of the hospital is the best thing for

Universalism in Human Resource Management Is Dead Research Paper

Universalism in Human Resource Management Is Dead - Research Paper Example The last twenty five years have witnessed the field of human resource undergo huge changes in a bid to make it a scientific discipline with its own theories, assumptions and strategies. These developments led to the introduction of HRM in the MBA curriculum, leading to the discipline becoming a major part of business strategy development (Budhwar and Khatri, 2001). Questions began to emerge however regarding the nature of human resource management as a discipline with many scholars and businesses criticizing it for lacking in credible theoretical foundations. This led to development of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM), a subfield of Human resource management that focuses on integrating the process of strategic management in to the field of human resource management. This led to development of three main theoretical perspectives or approaches in the discipline, namely universalistic, contingency and configurational approaches. The universalistic approach in Human resource ma nagement outlines the best practices in the field with the objective of encouraging application of those practices by companies and businesses across the globe and from different industries (Goodman & Truss, 2004). This perspective highlights the fact that there are some HRM practices that are certainly better than others. Companies should therefore focus on adopting these best strategies for their own success in implementation of their Human Resource Management strategies. Among some of the practices identified by the proponents of the universalistic Human resources perspective include seven strategies namely selective hiring, employment security, extensive hiring, self-management teams, extensive training, reduction of differences in status, information sharing and high salaries and wages based on the company’s performance. Universalists in Human Resource management believe that these strategies should be applied universally by all companies and that they are bound to lead to great success (Balogun, 2006). Another reason why Universalists promote the application of universal best practices is rooted in the scientific belief that the relationship between dependent and independent variable is always the same universally. It therefore does not matter where the industry is located of in which industry it is, since the relationship between human resource and success of the company is the same universally. In the second approach, the Contingency perspective, the application of Human Resource policies by any company must be consistent with the other policies and functions of the company. This perspective lays great emphasis on aligning HRM policies with company strategies based on the ‘best fit’ policy (Lewin, & Peters, 2006). The best fit policy posits that there are some Human resource policies that will fit better with the strategic functions and goals of the company. The company should therefore implement only those HR policies that better f it or merge with their general company strategies, policies and functions. Human Resource policies should be able to relate well with the companies lifecycle in order for them to be successful.

Prevention of Wound Infection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Prevention of Wound Infection - Essay Example Hands must be decontaminated with alcohol based product after contact with body fluids, excretions, mucous membrane contact, no intact skin contact, or wound dressings as long as hands are not visibly soiled. After contact with a patient's intact skin (as when taking a blood pressure) it also should be used. When it is necessary to move from a contaminated body site to a non-contaminated body site, before caring for patients with neutropenia, before putting on sterile gloves for inserting catheters, when helping with any procedure, and after removing gloves. Hand wash between every patient, when hands are visibly dirty and when cannot tolerate alcohol based products (CDC.gov) Standard precautions should be used with every patient, whether there is infection or not. The tenet accepted here is that all patients are colonized with some organism which you do not want to carry to the other patient (Edmonston, Krepe, WIlson, et.al, 2008). Using standard precautions means the use of gloves, and other barriers when necessary and Hand Washing. It also includes proper handling of patient care equipment and linen, environmental control, prevention of injury with sharps, and how patients are placed when admitted to a facility. When it becomes necessary, standard precautions must move to isolation precautions. Isolations precautions are determined by ... If a wound becomes infected, it is contact (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, & Cheever, 2008). In the case of surgical wound or other clean wound, however, there is more that will need to be done, that is called aseptic technique. They include the use of only sterile materials within the sterile field. Sterile surfaces and articles may touch other sterile surfaces only. If they touch any other area, they are no longer sterile. Knowing when to use sterile supplies and knowing when to use clean supplies becomes very important. Changing a surgical dressing correctly and keeping the area clean is important, as well as keeping the overall patient and bedding clean. Policies are must be in place to assure that everyone is following wound care techniques as determined to be the best at all times. Proper hygiene for the nurse and all other healthcare workers is mandatory. Educating the patient as well as far as keeping hands away from dressing and washing hands often or using alcohol based solution and not laying things across a dressing. Disposal of rubbish is important using the proper technique and doing it often, especially if there is any kind of matter that contains any drainage or dried blood. Nutrition is not often thought of but patients do poorly and get infections faster if their nutritional status is not good. It may be important to supplement the patient that is unable to eat because of surgery, for example. The patient who has had abdominal surgery may need PPN or TPN to keep his protein levels high enough to help him heal. Moving the patient quickly not only stimulates circulation and bowel action but also helps the patient to prepare to go home faster and it is well know that being out of the hospital is the best thing for

The country pleasures which John Donne mentioned Essay Example for Free

The country pleasures which John Donne mentioned Essay In Donnes poetry, individual desire operates on two levels: on one level, it is the desire which is born out of the lower self and seeks gratification in the pleasures of the senses. On another level desire is spiritual and it seeks to transcend the physical. The country pleasures which John Donne mentioned in The Good Morrow is an example of the physical pleasures which the poet seeks to satisfy in physical activities. However such kinds of pleasures are only mere illusions, that is, fancies. The desire to love is felt like an inner urge in the poet. It is a spiritual force which transcends the physical to meet at a higher level and brings about a unity of souls. His only desire was to be united with his beloved: If ever any beauty I did see, Which I desired, and got, twas but a dream of thee. The strong urge of the desire to love is enacted effectively by the tone of the last two lines in the first stanza of The Good Morrow. The caesuras after see in line 6 of the first stanza and in line 7 of the first stanza enacts forcefully the inner urge which the poet feels. The desire starts in a dream to have a beauty and that desire is fulfilled majestically. The use of metaphysical conceits dominate the last two stanzas. The lovers see worlds of their own reflected in the pupils of each other. Here we can see that the desire is not sensual pleasure, rather it is the new horizon which love opens to the poet which are of significance. Hence, the desire is more of a spiritual nature. The emphasis throughout the second and third stanzas is on the soul rather than on the physical. It is the desire of a soul in quest of divine joy. Harmony and inner tranquillity can only be attained through a union of souls. In Holy Sonnets I, the poets desire for Divine grace is strongly articulated. He appeals to Gods mercy to save him before it is too late and he is eternally dead. 1 It is a prayer of a lost soul seeking divine grace to prevent it from damnation in the fire of hell. The poet realises his helplessness in the face of death. Only divine grace can help him to attain salvation. The sincerity of the prayer is evident throughout the sonnet. Man is a born sinner for he has been created weak. But with the help of the creator, man can strengthen his heart so that he does not fall an easy prey to the art of the arch deceiver who is our eternal foe (Ln. 11), that is, Satan. The desires for physical pleasures are but an illusion: And all my pleasures are like yesterday (Ln. 4). In this line the poets realisation of the fleeting pleasures of this physical world is articulated and at the same time it expresses a sense of regret and despair for having wasted ones life. The damage is almost irreparable, but reparable by the intervention of the divine grace. Hence the poets plea to God to repair (Ln.2) him, that is, to repair the damage which the poet has done to himself by committing sins. The word repair is loaded with meaning. Repair implies that damages have occurred and the reasons for these damages are sins. Desires can thus lead to sin and the individual is constantly being tempted. It is a test of character which the individual is undergoing in this terrestrial life and without the support of God, the poet will not be able to sustain himself for even one hour. The desire to be forgiven and the desire for divine grace is expressed with a lot of fervour. In sonnet 5, the poet once again expresses his desire for salvation. The same fervour and zeal is present as in Holy Sonnet I and the poet asks God to endow him with the capacity to weep so that he can drown his sins in tears. The overall desire in this sonnet is the desire for sincere repentance so that the poet can save his soul. There is the realisation that without divine grace, the poet will lose both his lower self as well as his higher self, that is, his soul. In A hymn to Christ, the poets desire is to be a born Christian again: and make me anew. The desire to be born again is like another chance to be given to sinners so that they can lead a life in conformity with the teachings of Christ, the saviour of humanity. It is the desire to attain an everlasting life. There is the realisation of lost innocence which the poet talks about in the imagery of a usurped town which has been ravished. In sonnet 7 Donne realises his need for repentance. He believes that his sins abound. The life that he has been living is full of sins. The poets urgent desire to be forgiven by God is expressed as: Teach me how to repent . The poet does not really know how to ask for forgiveness to God. In a sense he is waiting for divine inspiration to reach him. It is the thought of death that pushes Donne to seek divine forgiveness for all his past sins. By repenting the poet wants to seek abundance of [Gods] grace. Donne speaks directly to the lord: but let them sleep, Lord. Donne uses a very common religious metaphor in comparing death as a sleep before the end of time, when both good and bad people will be woken up to meet their eternal fate. Also, in this line, the speaker shifts the object of his apostrophe: hes now talking to God. 2 The last two lines introduce an important simile. Learning how to repent is like having the pardon for your sins sealed in blood. Donne conceives the pardon as an official document, the kind that would normally have a wax seal that serves as a kind of signature. But the simile is more complex than that. The speaker is saying that God really did seal his (the speakers) pardon with Gods own blood when He sent Jesus to die for the sins of humanity. The blood on the pardon is a metaphor for Christs blood. 3 So Donnes desire for forgiveness is a means he is seeking to go to heaven. In sonnet 14 the poet desires to start his life afresh. The metaphor of the usurped town is very symbolical in this sense. It is as if the poets soul has been captured by the enemy, who perhaps, is the Satan. The poet does not feel that is still in his own skin. He thinks himself to be a prisoner of his own soul as someone would be imprisoned in a usurped town. Though the sonnet contains many sexual metaphors like oerthrow me, and bend / Your force, ravish, and enthrall, the sonnet aims also at the new start of a spiritual life. The poet asks God to make me new. This is in a sense the inner self calling out to the poet that the way he has been living his life was not appropriate. He therefore needs spiritual renewal to be able to come closer to God. The metaphor or break that knot again is more as an apology and plea for forgiveness4 when an individual is forgiven by God he is like a new born child that has never ever committed sins. This is what the poet is seeking in this sonnet- to be as pure once again as a new born child. So, individual desire in Donnes poetry is more of a spiritual kind. Desire for the poet was not only sensual but rather more associated with God. He is trying in a sense to attain a very high level of spirituality in his life and desires salvation and the eternal bliss, which is paradise. The spiritual height that the poet wants to attain is due to his realization of his sins he committed all through his life. Now he needs to be cleansed. Bibliography.   John Donne poems: A Good-Morrow. Holy sonnets 1, 5, 7,14. Online resources.   http://wednesday1993. wordpress. com/2011/04/17/john-donnes-holy-sonnet-i-the-theology-of-grace/ http://www. shmoop. com/round-earths-imagined-corners-holy-sonnet-7/death-symbol. html   http://www. shmoop. com/round-earths-imagined-corners-holy-sonnet-7/repentance-pardon-symbol. html. http://www. shmoop.com/batter-my-heart-holy-sonnet-14/unhappy-engagement-affair-with-god-symbol. html 1 Quoted online from: http://wednesday1993. wordpress. com/2011/04/17/john-donnes-holy-sonnet-i-the-theology-of-grace/. 2 Quoted online from: http://www. shmoop. com/round-earths-imagined-corners-holy-sonnet-7/death-symbol. html 3Quoted online from: http://www. shmoop. com/round-earths-imagined-corners-holy-sonnet-7/repentance-pardon-symbol. html 4Quoted online from: http://www. shmoop. com/batter-my-heart-holy-sonnet-14/unhappy-engagement-affair-with-god-symbol. html.

The Impact Of Leadership On Innovation Management Essay

The Impact Of Leadership On Innovation Management Essay This paper details the nature and roles of leadership in the field of management innovation. Leadership broadens the organizational levels and initiates the innovation activity through motivating the employees and defining an effective structure for the proper functioning. Use of the concept could be done in a wide range of markets and at the degree of the novelty required. The innovation to make it happen within an organization, a link between the leadership systems and innovation strategies has been introduced. The policy implications recognizes the need for the different stages of the innovation process at different levels of the organizational structure , from which a stepping stone at every level can be achieved which will be followed by the Organizational implication which identifies a proper leader for different hierarchy levels and allows to perform according to the stages of innovation process. In total it clearly gives an idea about the ongoing activities in any organizatio n where an innovative activity occurs with the quality leadership in it and the levels of performance in any sector. Table of Contents 1. INNOVATION 8 1.1. Innovation Vs. Improvement 8 1.2. Innovation Vs. Invention 9 2. Elements for innovation: 10 3. Changing nature of the innovation process 11 3.1. Types of innovation 13 3.2. Innovation implementing methodology 14 4. Degree of Novelty in Innovation 16 5. Leadership Quantities for Innovation 17 6. Definition and Explanation of Leadership Skills 18 6.1. Communication 18 6.2. Integrity 20 6.3. Visions and Goal Statements 21 6.4. Teamwork 22 6.5. Relationships 23 6.6. Persuasion 24 6.7. Adaptability and Flexibility 25 6.8. Coaching and Development 26 6.9. Decision Making 27 6.10. 8.10. Planning 28 6.11. 8.11. Taking Risks 28 6.12. 8.12. Optimism and Motivation 29 7. Innovative Leadership Style and its Impact 31 8. Charismatic Leadership Style 32 8.1. Impact of Charismatic leadership style 32 8.1.1. Communicating with vision:- 32 8.1.2. Accelerating Innovation process:- 33 8.1.3. Leaders can become addicted to charisma:- 33 8.1.4. Organizations can become addicted to the charismatic leader:- 33 8.1.5. Charisma grows for its own sake and forgets its purpose:- 33 8.2. Case Study 34 9. Instrumental Leadership Style 36 9.1. Impact of Instrumental leadership style 36 9.1.1. Structures a innovation process:- 36 9.1.2. Controls a process:- 37 9.1.3. Rewards the innovators:- 37 9.1.4. Constrain to maintain high motive level:- 37 10. STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP STYLE: 38 10.1. STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP PRESUMES: 38 10.2. The strategic leader use different hierarchical position to create innovation structures and processes in the organization such as, 39 10.3. FUNCTIONS OF STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP IN INNOVATION. 40 10.4. A CASE STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP IN A HIGH-WAY ROAD PROJECT. 40 11. INTERACTIVE INNOVATION LEADERSHIP : 42 11.1. THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO EXERCISE INTERACTIVE LEADERSHIP TOWARDS ACCELERATING CHANGE AND INNOVATION IS TO: 42 11.2. THE INTERACTIVE LEADER CO-INNOVATES WITH OTHER MANAGERS, EMPLOYEES AND SUBORDINATES BY, 42 11.3. Interactive leadership pathway: 43 11.4.   Effective leaders usually practice the following techniques: 43 11.4.1. Sell the Vision of the organization 43 11.4.2. Walk the Talk with the employees. 43 11.4.3. Empower and Delegate 44 11.4.4. Create Urgency in the process 44 11.4.5. Openly Communicating with everyone in the organization. 44 11.4.6. Removing Obstacles/barriers. 44 11.4.7. Celebrate the Little Successes 44 11.5. THE IMPACT OF INTERACTIVE LEADERSHIP IN AN INNOVATIVE PROJECT 45 List of Figures: INNOVATION Innovation is a key word probably being used more than ever by any type of individuals, groups or organizations; from scientist to artists, from engineers to craftsmen. Whether it is the business surroundings or non-profit organizations, political or educational associations, whether it is a developed or a developing market, whether a product or service offering, with high technology or mass production;  the word of innovation is word being recognized as one of the most credible one and term of being innovative sounds as the ultimate path to success in any changing environments especially in terms of globalization. In order to use the terms of innovation one should understand what really innovation is, in order to understand what is in the core of innovation and the description of it one should most likely distinguish the term innovation from the terms and definitions that are considered as synonyms or to have very similar meanings and practices. Although these terms could be inter -related or connected to Innovation in somehow in some phases, they cannot be considered as Innovation itself. These misunderstood terms are Invention, Improvement, Being Innovative is also a term most of the time described as being creative, entrepreneur or just able to handle complexity, therefore after distinguishing the term of innovation, the term of being innovative should be described considering these influencing characteristics. Finally Innovation is a important dimension of the change process therefore the importance of innovation in change process should be identified in order lead reasonable descriptions and definitions of Innovation. After this we can discuss the generation of innovation, types of innovation, methodology of it and finally carry on to the impact of leadership on Innovation (Mintzberg 2003) Innovation Vs. Improvement Although Continuous improvement may end up with an innovation most of the time, defining innovation with a series of incremental changes as a result of continuous improvements would be an insufficient explanation of innovation. The reason is that incremental changes depends on the lessons learnt and follows a horizontal path throughout the idea processing and knowledge creation, in the case of an innovative idea, a leap in the idea processing is observed, a vertical step in time where the track of previous improvement cant be followed or even found irrelevant to the idea discovered. As it can be understood from the term itself improvements follow a continuous path, but innovations are better described as in continuous breakthroughs from the formal horizontal path. The underlying principle with the innovation is that it deserves not only certain amount of time which can be illustrated by the continuous improvements accomplished through lessons learnt and analysiss but also depends upo n certain amount of space which can be explained by the occurrence of some events and situations that triggers this leap in the understanding and level of cognition. To enable a qualified process to overcome sophisticated needs of innovation, continuously improvement is necessary but not sufficient. (Mintzberg 2003) Innovation Vs. Invention Invention is another term being considered with Innovation most of time. What leads to an invention is the orientation of both horizontal and vertical changes, in other words continuous improvements harmonized with innovations. Several Innovations turn into an invention which deserves relatively more time and effort. Some descriptions distinguish innovation as a integrating activity of different disciplines, technologies, approaches, understandings or perspectives whereas claiming invention as of a specific level of change made on a certain study field for long periods. Actually what differs invention from innovation is that invention includes several innovations which lead to a more horizontal and vertical change that makes it even harder to track the continues and integrated improve (Eversheim 2009) Elements for innovation: 1.Basic needs for innovation (Park 2005) Changing nature of the innovation process The change of innovation is completely based on the generations and its requirements. Till now there is five generation of innovations First generation (1950-1960): (Research push) Science and technology Market Research Manufacture Development Marketing Sales Figure:2 First generation innovation process (Dodgson et al. 2008) Second generation (1965-1975): (Demand pull) Science and technology Market Manufacture Sales Research development Market and demand Figure 2: Second generation innovation process (Dodgson et al. 2008) Third generation (1980-1986): Research , Development, Design, Prototyping, Testing, Operations, Marketing, Sales, Service. (Coupling) Science and technology Market Market Communication and feedback loops Figure 3: Third generation innovation process (Dodgson et al. 2008) Fourth generation (1986-2000): (Collaborative) Suppliers Cross functional teams, process based organization Research, Development, Design, Prototyping, Testing, Operations, Marketing, Sales, Service Horizontal research Alliance Science and technology Market Customers Figure 4: Fourth generation innovation process (Dodgson et al. 2008) Fifth generation (2005-2010): Process driven by: Innovative strategy High level organizational and technological integration (Strategic and integrated) Strategic and technological integration with customers, Suppliers, Innovation communities and networks Figure 5: Fifth generation innovation process (Dodgson et al. 2008) Types of innovation The six focus areas for innovation are: Product What we produce and sell Process Continuous improvement of how we do that Marketing Exceeding customer expectations Organization Business strategies, systems and structures Open Working beyond boundaries and collaborating globally Value Creating unique value that eliminates the cost to compete Among these six major four types of innovation in practice are as follows:- Product innovation: Product innovations can be based on new uses or combinations of existing knowledge or technologies. The term product is used to cover both goods and services are referred as product innovation.(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 2005) Process innovations : Production methods involve the techniques, equipment and software used to produce goods or services are referred as process innovation.(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 2005) Marketing innovation: Marketing innovations includes changes in product design that are part of a new marketing concept. Product design changes refer in product form and appearance that do not alter the products or characteristics. They also include changes in the packaging of products, where packaging is the main determinant of the products appearance. Innovations in product design can also include the introduction of significant changes in the form, appearance or taste of food or beverage products, such as the introduction of new flavors for a food product in order to target a new customer segment.(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 2005) Organizational innovation This kind of innovation can be intended to increase a firms performance by reducing administrative costs, transaction costs, improving workplace satisfaction or cost for supplies.(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 2005) Innovation implementing methodology The planning phases of the Innovation Roadmap methodology are as follows Goal setting Future analysis Idea generation Idea evaluation Idea detailing Concept evaluation Implementation planning Controlling.(Eversheim 2009) The below figure illustrates the common innovative and Triz methodological thinking for a new innovation. Figure 6: Innovation methodology (Gao Changqing 2005) Degree of Novelty in Innovation Three concepts for the novelty of innovations are discussed below: new to the firm, new to the market, and new to the world. New to the firm: A product, process, marketing method or organizational method may already have been implemented by other firms, but if it is new to the firm then it is an innovation for that firm. New to the market: Innovations are new to the market when the firm is the first to introduce the innovation on its market. The market is simply defined as the firm and its competitors and it can include a geographic region or product line. New to the world: Innovations are new to the world when the firm is the first to introduce the Innovation for all markets and industries, domestic and international. New to the world therefore implies a qualitatively greater degree of novelty than new to the market(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 2005) Leadership Quantities for Innovation This text is based on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Concepts of Leadership by Donald Clark. http://management.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJzTi=1sdn=managementcdn=moneytm=6f=00tt=14bt=0bts=0zu=http%3A//www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leader.html An organization needs to remain competitive a vision. That vision can be reflected in for example new products, services or a reorganization of the organizations structure. The assignment of the leading staff is, to accomplish those visions by leading the employees. Leading in that case means to influence the employees to accomplish the goals and objectives. Leadership is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾The activity of leading a group of people or an organisation, or the ability to do this. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/leadership.html To lead other people, for a leader it is necessary to be familiar with important leadership knowledge and leadership skills. Leader`s attributes or traits like beliefs, values, ethics and character will influence directly the leadership skills and the leadership style. Additional to some of the leadership skills, which will be short presented and explained during the next pages, there are some principles of leadership which help to become a better leader. Know yourself and seek self-improvement Be technically proficient Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions Make sound and timely decisions Set the example Know your people and look out for their well-being Keep your workers informed Develop a sense of responsibility in your workers Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished Train as a team Use the full capabilities of your organization Definition and Explanation of Leadership Skills Communication Definition: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ Two- way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants not only exchange (encode-decode) information but also create and share meaning. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/communication.html This text is based on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Communication and Leadership by Donald Clark. http://management.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJzTi=1sdn=managementcdn=moneytm=4f=00tt=14bt=0bts=0zu=http%3A//www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leader.html Most problems and failed projects in an organization are the results of a wrong communication process or lower communication skills. A failed communication occurs, if the receiver does not understand exactly the information, order or idea which the sender tried to transmit. To prevent confusions and misunderstandings during a communication, a good leader has to know the basics of an effective communication and has to train his communication skills. To get an idea how a communication process is constructed, the communication process can divide into three steps: Thought The message which can be an idea, a concept, informations or feelings will be formed in the mind of the sender. Encording The message, which is formed in the mind of the sender, will be send verbal, nonverbal or with symbols. Decording To understand the meaning of the message, the receiver translates the information with procedures he understands. During a communication the message of the sender will include two elements. These two elements are related to each other. The right interpretation of the elements on both sides (sender and receiver) is very important for an effective communication. The first element is the content. The content includes the verbal information. Verbal informations like spoken words or symbols can be combined to phrases, which then make sense. The verbal content in a message is around 38%. The sender has to be sure that the receiver understands the verbal informations in the right way, otherwise there will be a possibility for misunderstandings and confusions on the receiver side. Many words have different meanings and also the interpretation of the meanings of words can be different. A big possibility for misunderstandings and confusion could also be the circumstance, if one of the participants does not speak the same language or is not a native speaker. The language content in a message is around 7%. A good leader has to train his verbal skills to deliver his message correct to the employees. The second element of a message is the context. The context describes the nonverbal elements. Nonverbal elements include all elements which describe the way how the message was delivered. The nonverbal communication is very important in the communication style. The nonverbal content of a message is around 55%. It delivers feelings to the receiver. The possibility for misunderstandings and confusions on the receiver s side is extremely high, if the nonverbal elements do not fit to the verbal elements. Examples for nonverbal elements are: The body language Examples are the body posture, eye contact and movements. Hand gestures Hand gestures are used to underline words or phrases. The state of emotion States of anger, fear or uncertainty are mostly negative emotions. Elements in speech The tone of the voice. A good leader has to train, in addition to his verbal skills, also his nonverbal skills to deliver his message correct to the employees. Behaviors like eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, posture and body orientation, proximity and vocal techniques shall be a part of the communication. A second important case of communication is the listening part. It can be distinguished between active listening and passive listening. Passive listening means, if the receiver just listens to the senders message. Much informations get lost, because the receiver does not listen carefully. Active listening is the opposite of passive listening. The receiver spends attention to the senders speech to understand the words and feelings. For a good leader it is important to spend more time on active listening than on talking in meetings and other conversations. A possibility to be sure that the receiver understood the message in the right way is the feedback. In a feedback, the receiver tells the sender in his own words, how he understood the message verbal and nonverbal. An advantage is that the sender has the chance to explain the message with other words directly, if the receiver understood the message in a wrong way. Fails or problems can be prevented. Also there is the chance to get into a discussion which could affect the message and communication in a positive way. A feedback is absolutely a benefit for an effective communication. A leader should be familiar with presentation techniques and tools. They are very helpful for highlighting messages, informations, facts and data and make sure for a better understanding. Also it is easier to reach more people in a shorter time. Integrity Definition: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Strict adherence to a moral code, reflected in transparent honesty and complete harmony in that one thinks, says, and does. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/integrity.html This text is based on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾The importance of integrity to leadership by Siti Ibrahim. http://www.helium.com/items/1495580-the-importance-of-integrity-to-leadership Integrity has a big influence on the organization`s structure, the staff and the organization`s publicity. Integrity includes honesty, reliability and trustability and is a part of a positive trait. An integrity based leadership is an interaction between the leader and the employees which benefits the trust, acceptance and respect for each other. Also the communication will have a benefit of integrating an integrity based leadership style. The staff will be more open to accept mistakes, critics and will not be afraid of receiving any negative feedback. This will decrease stress and anxiety. The behavior of the leaders will influence the employees. If an organization has many integrity leaders and employees, individuals with a flawed character will not last long in the organization. Integrity prevents negative actions like corruption or mobbing. From the economical point of view, it is for an organization very important to have many integrity leaders, because the prestige in public will increase. Visions and Goal Statements Definition: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ An aspirational description of what an organization would like to achieve or accomplish in the mid-term or long-term future. It is intended to serves as a clear guide for choosing current and future courses of action. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/vision-statement.html This text is based on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Leading and Leadership by Donald Clark. http://management.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJzTi=1sdn=managementcdn=moneytm=5f=00tt=14bt=1bts=1zu=http%3A//www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leader.html A leader needs a strong vision where to go to. Employees want a vision for what they are working for. The leaders assignment is to give the employees a vision. The factors which let employees follow are clearly defined goals and trust. The leader has to set goals to realize the visions. These goals should be: Realistic Attainable Improve the organization All employees should be involved in the goal setting process A program should be developed to achieve the goals Inspiration helps to induce employees to do something, because the task will get a purpose. Also motivation has a big influence to the implementation of a task.(Gao Changqing 2005) Teamwork Definition: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ The process of working collaboratively with a group of people in order to achieve a goal. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/teamwork.html In addition to be able to work as a leader in a team, it is for a leader even more important to be able to form a team and stick it together. This ability is based on the knowledge of: The employees To know the strengths and weaknesses in the technical- , social- and creative-abilities of each employee. Group dynamics To know the coherent of behaviors and psychological processes in a group. Psychology To appreciate charakters of individuals correctly. Team communication To know the rules of communication and to be able to communicate with more people simultaneous. The leader has to get also into the role as a moderator. A usual mistake of leaders is that they form their team out of employees which are too similar. A better output of teamwork will be achieved the more diverse the team members are. The diversity resultates out of: Opinions Backgrounds Capabilities Relationships Definition: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾A connection between variables, such as a correlation, or between people, such as a marriage. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/relationship.html Relationships are for an organization very important. It helps to increase the loyalty of the employees to the organization, products and participants. There can also be relationships to suppliers, customers and other organizations or departments. Some benefits for the organization are: Loyal customers, suppliers, employees It will increase sales and market share Exchange of information Increasing the communication in a positive way Increasing the motivation Decreasing the sickness absence rate Increasing the workflow because of better connections Relationship is based on respect, trust, acceptance, support, understanding, share and celebrating and freedom. For a leader it is important to care for the employees and the organization. A leader should be able for building relationships and networks with and between employees and other contacts. (Dodgson et al. 2008) Persuasion Definition: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ Process aimed at changing a persons (or a groups) attitude or behavior toward some event, idea, object, or other person(s), by using written or spoken words to convey information, feelings, or reasoning, or a combination of them. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/persuasion.html This text is based on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Leadership by Persuasion Four Steps to Success by Patsi Krakoff,Psy.D..http://ezinearticles.com/?Leadership-by-PersuasionFour-Steps-to-Successid=118428 One of the most important leadership skills which a leader should have is the ability to persuade. Persuasion is related to trust, relationship and communication. By persuasion, people can be influenced to do something voluntary. The benefit is that the people act without coercion, because they are convinced to do something which makes sense in their minds.The leader must only give a reasonable reason. The success of a leader to realize the visions and goals depends on the persuasion skill. The four steps to a successful persuasion are: Establish credibility Expertise and relationships are the sources which develop credibility.Necessary is active listening to other peoples suggestions. Their opinions should be valued. Data and informations should be collected to support the own arguments. Understand the audience Identify benefits to which the audience relates. Identify the interests of important people in the group like decision makers or stakeholders. Reinforce position Arguments should be logical and have consistent facs and experience, should be addressed to audiences interests and neutralize alternatives. Connect Emotionally The communication to the audience should be a mix of intellectual and emotional commitment.(Mintzberg 2003) Adaptability and Flexibility Definition: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ability of an entity or organism to alter itself or its responses to the changed circumstances or environment. Adaptability shows the ability to learn from experience, and improves the fitness of the learner as a competitor. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/adaptability.html Flexibility and adaptability are necessary for innovations. Without flexibility and adaptability an organization will become inflexible and will not be able to react on intern or extern changes. The business of a leader is to realize the visions and goals with the help of the staff. Problems have to be solved. Solution orientated working will be more effective, if a leader is flexible and adaptable in mind. The ability on changing strategy, plans or programs to unforeseen events will be easier and more successful, because the motivation to change old practices will be higher. With a flexible and adaptable thinking, a leader will be able to find more solutions for a problem and the chance to project similar situations from the past to current situations to find solutions or strategies will increase. A flexible and adaptable leader sees innovations and changes as an opportunity for improvement. Coaching and Development A leader has to be able to coach and develop employees. It is very important to have the focus on coaching and developing young and upcoming employees. These employees often do not have much experience but if they have just finished the university they have a current status of know-how. The benefits are that these employees are motivated and learn in a correct way the skills they really need for the job. Also they bring new influences into the team and gain greater competence. Coaching helps to overcome barriers and to improve job performance. Decision Making Definition: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾The thought process of selecting a logical choice from the available options. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/decision-making.html This text is based on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Decision Making Skills by mindtools. http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTED_00.htm Every day a leader has to make decisions. Those decisions have to be timely and well considered, otherwise projects can fail or problems will occur. Decisions can be separate to long term decisions like program activities in two years and short decisions like program activities in the next week. Typically involved issues in long term or short term decision are still the same. Unknowing facts, many interrelated factors, high risk consequences, alternatives and interpersonal issues will make to find the best decision for a leader even harder. To be able to make better decisions, a leader should use a logical, organized and systematic decision making process. It helps to find critical elements and important factors. A decision making process can base on six steps: Creating a constructive environment By establishing the obje