Interpersonal Relationship and True Friend Essay

Tens of thousands, or one million? How many people will we meet in a whole lifetime, and how many of them do we have relationships with? Every person is born into a family without their choice, so they try to keep a good relationship with all family members to live happily, but sometimes it can be a misfortune for some people to get along with family members. However, we can choose to have good a relationship or not with acquaintances. Ive met with lots of people, sometimes I don’t get the chance to introduce myself, sometimes I had a good time with them, Sometimes I was disappointed by their behavior, and decided to say good-bye forever. There are many characteristics that determine whether a person is a friend or acquaintance. Considering my experiences, there are three types of acquaintances: true friends, ex-friends, and temporary acquaintances. I believe for a person to be considered a true friend they must be trustworthy and loyal. Someone whom will always stick by your side through thick and thin and would not sell you out. A true friend needs to be fair, caring, and loving. A true friend is someone who can make you smile or laugh; a person that will make you happy when you are sad. However, a true friend needs to be honest and must be able to tell you the truth even if it isn’t pleasant to hear. A true friend needs to be able to tell you something that you might not want to hear. At the same time, a true friend needs to be someone who wont try to change the way a person is and needs to be able to accept different personalities and characteristics. A true friend must know that it is very hard to gain trust; however. it is easy to lose it. People might say that a life without a true friend is no life at all. On the other hand there are people who I can’t say are friends anymore, so I consider them ex-friends. I was once close to them because of good times, humor, first impression, or similar interests, but later found out they used me, lied, and were selfish. I sometimes felt resentful, and realized I had better

Mid “Witchery”

A wise woman was asked to present the baby to the world and predict its fortune. A wise women, or witch was the priestess who instructed women in blood, birth, and the magic of it all. The French word for midwife means â€Å"wise woman†. According to the Britannica Encyclopedia the â€Å"art of attending women in childbirth† is called midwifery. Midwives and their practices date back as far as ancient biblical, Greek and Roman times. Before the emergence of obstetrics, midwives and their practices were not considered an important part of the medical establishment.In it's beginning midwives had no formal training and relied solely on experience and the teachings from mother to daughter within the profession. Wise women were the healers of the ancient world, it was during this time that wise women and witch became synonymous. In the beginning of recorded history people lived in small groups as a tribe. Within the tribes men were in charger of the survival of the group. He was the protector and the hunter. Women's roles revolved around their power to give birth. They were the nurtures of the family and the healers of both the physical and the spiritual.Women were a sacred part of the group and this arose to the worship of the Goddess. (Aisles, 1-7) There were many goddesses and myths associated with birth. One of the Greeks most sacred Goddess's was Artemisia (also known as the Roman Goddess Diana). When Artemisia was born she assisted her mother in the birth of her twin brother Apollo. She became the protector of women and made decisions regarding who would live and die during birth. (Encyclopedia mythical: Artemisia) Hake was an Egyptian Goddess. She had a frogs head which was a symbol of life and fertility.She was also known as the Goddess of the last stages of birth. Although the word midwife did not exist at that time, the occupation of a midwife held the title of â€Å"the servants of Hake. (Hake; Encyclopedia Mythical) The Celtic Goddess Brig it is very interesting because she went from pagan mythology to Christianity and sainthood. Brigit was known as the Goddess with three aspects. She was a the patroness for blacksmiths, for poetry, and for healing and fertility. Brigit has a seasonal holiday on the calendar of paganism called Iambic which is celebrated on February first.It is a celebration to usher in the spring. Christians accepted Brigit as a surrogate mother to Christ and changed the pagan Iambic to Candelas. She was cannonaded as SST. Brigit. (Brigit; Encyclopedia Mythical) During the Goddess era, myths revolved around the goddesses who helped women. Women Goddess's were the mothers of all. Shrines and temples were erected to the worshiping of these women. But all the good that surrounds women and their knowledge comes to an end with the emergence of a patriarchal God. Christianity changed the view of women as Gods.Eve, in the bible is solely responsible for all the evil in the world. In Genesis, it is Eve that i s tempted by the serpent and brings shame upon herself and Adam with a punishment to last for eternity and all generations. God says: I will greatly increase your pangs in haltering; in pain you shall bring forth children, yet your desire shall be for your husband, and he shall rule over you. [Gene. 3:6] With Christianity in the forefront of spirituality and religion comes one of the darkest times for women. Midwives were there to help women with the difficulties of childbearing.They helped teach women techniques that would help move along the birth and keep the mothers as comfortable as possible. Since the pains of childbirth was there punishment for sins, anyone who helped in eased this pain were considered to be working with Satan. Women working with Satan were witches. In 1486 the church used a book written by Jacob Springer and Heimlich Kramer called the Mallets Maleficent or better known as â€Å"The Witches Hammer†. It was and instructional book for witch hunters. Midw ives had two chapters devoted to them and their practices.The practice of child birth was set to change according to the church. (Summers) â€Å"No one does more harm to the Catholic faith than midwives† (CTD. In Rehiring and English 13). Midwifery was now being moved to the medical profession. Everything that women taught and used during child birth was now being scrutinized. Instead of litigating the knowledge women healers possessed, it was set in motion the total eradication of midwives altogether. The church set a course to rid society of magic. While boosting professional physicians the acts committed by untrained midwives was now a low status position to hold.Life and death had a value that belonged to God and professional physicians. The church's position held that professionalism placed on the doctor put him on the side of God, while the female midwife became the personification of evil. In the book â€Å"Witches, Midwives, and Nurses: A history of Women Healersâ₠¬ , the author makes this statement: When faced with the misery of the poor, the Church turned to the dogma that experience in this world is fleeting and unimportant. But there was a double standard at work, for the Church was not against medical care for the upper class.Kings and nobles had their court physicians who were men, sometimes even priests. The real issue was control: Male upper class healing under the auspices of the Church was acceptable, female healing as part of a peasant underclass was not. â€Å"(Rehiring and English 13) The clergy noticed that women regarded midwives to an important status and plotted to have it stopped. Rehiring and English 11-12) With the â€Å"Mallets† in hand, the church was armed and ready for war. Midwives were watched closely and if a child died a midwife could be charged at sacrificing that child's soul to the devil.It became important for midwives to have witnesses and control of all situations. Midwives were given a chance to sig n documents stating that they would not perform rituals or use magic in anyway. These women found favor by following rules of men and training under them. These women Joined in on the witch hunts and became the ones to help search out midwives who were found o be witches. Eighty percent of witches were women and a third of those women were in fact midwives. Approximately sixty thousand women were executed as witches for three century.Cones) The scope of the witch trials is more then can be expressed and midwives are only one representation of the women accused of witchcraft. It is more notable that the witch trials were about religious authority over woman and the abuse of women by men. It has been over three hundred years since the Salem Witch trials. It is Americas worst history of witch hunts. Today there are many powerful women around the world. These women hold important positions in business, hospitals and even government offices. Midwifery has made a come back in the area of obstetrics.Many doctors offices offer midwife services to clients. Women are interested in the experience of having a midwife rejoice in their celebration of life. But even with all of the accomplishments women have made they still struggle for equal rights. In 1992 Pat Robertson wrote in a fund raising letter, â€Å"The feminist agenda is not about equal rights for women. It is about a socialist, anti-family political movement that encourages women to leave their husbands, kill heir children, practice witchcraft, destroy capitalism, and become lesbians. † There again is the accusation of witchcraft.

Developing Yourself as an Effective Human Resources Practitioner

The Human Resources Profession Map (HRPM) sets out the skills, activities, behaviours and knowledge (professional competence) which is essential for any successful HR role.The HRPM helps a HR professionals to assess which level they are currently working at, to think where they would like to progress, gives advice on what they need to do to get to their progress plan professional area or band and helps you reflex on what you have done.There are four bands in the HRPM bands one up to four, here is a breakdown of these bands:Band one is delivering fundamentals, this is the level you would be at if you are a HR Administrator.Band two is adviser, issue-led, you are likely to be at this level if you are a HR advisor or manages a small team. This is what band I am currently at as I am an Assistant HR Manager in my organisation, I am advising and managing a team, I handle HR issues and give flexible options and recommendations.Band three is Consultant, co-operative partner, this is the band I was working towards do currently do parts of this band like address the HR challenges, I give solutions to these challenges and I have a seat an management meetings.Band four is Leadership colleague, client confidante and coach, this bank is more if you are a partner or HR Manager/director.There are ten professional areas in the HRPM at the centre or the ‘core’ of the HRPM; you have the core professional areas which are made up of ‘Insights, strategy and Solutions’ in the very core then around this you have ‘Leading HR’.Insights, strategy and Solutions part of the core is about the understanding of the organisation and using the your insights into the organisation so you can best work out what strategy or solutions are needed to meet the needs of the organisation in the current day and going forward.When I did my personal HRPM some of the recommendations for me to be able to move through my bands were:Make sure you regularly share ‘my insights and ideas’ with your manager and key clients/team members.Ask for feedback on your contribution to business strategy forums.Communicate, communicate, communicate! Set the tone for your team and make sure you are proactive with your communications regarding the change.Leading HR is about being a role model leader, maximising the contribution that HR provides to the organisation through your own or your teams efforts.The other eight professional areas are:Organisation design.Organisation development.Resourcing and talent planning.Learning and development.Performance and reward.Employee engagement.Employee relations.Service delivery and information.Out of these eight professional areas in my current job the last six areas in the above list are relevant to me in my current job. For example ‘employee relations at band two ‘9.15.2 Coach managers to communicate clearly to employees on performance and reward matters, seeking to avoid conflict.’ And ‘ 9.5.2 Support and coach HR colleagues and managers in understanding and complying with ER policies and practices’ (http://www.cipd.co.uk/binaries/profession-map-2.4-Oct-2013.pdf page 36 and page 37). The last month in my organisation we had an issue between two employees in which a grievance was raised.I worked with the direct line manager and advised him on the process to follow in accordance with the organisations grievance procedure and making sure it was dealt with lawfully. I advised him to hold a grievance meeting with the employee who had put the complaint in and the correct process of doing such a meeting, which he did. After this meeting we looked at the minutes together and  decided this seemed to be a clash of personalities so we decided that instead of taking this to disciplinary we would hold a few mediation sessions. The outcome of this has been very successful so far.The final part of the HRPM which is the outside ring is the behaviours which are:Curious.Deci sive thinker.Skilled influencer.Personally creditable.Collaborative.Driven to deliver.Courage to challenge.Role model.Looking at the behaviour curious which is ‘being future-focused, inquisitive and open minded; seeks out ways of evolving.’ When I did this part of my HRPM this one really stuck out for me as the main part of my CIPD course which I have struggled with is the continuous development and mainly reflection. I really have to push myself to do this and some of my recommendations directly state this:Introduce a more disciplined approach to reflecting on work and non work activities in terms of ‘What have I learned from this?’How often do you ask someone directly for feedback? Incorporate these requests into your weekly if not daily operating mode as a matter of course.

Women in the family in Saudi Arabia Research Paper

Women in the family in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example To determine the situation of women in Saudi Arabia one has to analyze these factors first. This paper aims at understanding the role and position women are given in the Saudi society. It will examine the culturally defined position of women in the family, marriage, health, education, religion, politics and the economy. Saudi Arabia is a big nation covering almost the entire Arabian Peninsula. The kingdom dwarfs neighboring countries like Kuwait, Iraq, Yemen, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, and Jordan. Thanks to its vast oil deposits, the country is cash rich with modern cities, advanced technologies, and sleek homes. However, the Saudi Arabia’s culture and beliefs are strongly influenced by the Islamic religion. Members of its society learn the various traditional and cultural values from their families and schools at a young age. The kingdom takes religious functions and calendar very seriously. The highlights of the nation’s calendar are the Ramadan and the national holidays that come after it (Zuhur 345). The Saudi Arabian way of life is also hugely influenced by the old age Arabic traditions. They include the values of hospitality and generosity that every family offers to friends, strangers, and family. Religion and the tradition Arabic culture determine the position of women in the Saudi Arabian society. Women in the Saudi are viewed as inferior to men. The rules that govern their general behavior show their inferiority. For example, women in the nation regardless of marital status or age are required to be in the company of a male guardian when they leave their home and they are not permitted to drive. It is evident that the culture and the Islamic religion of the Saudi Arabian people determine how various institutions of the society are structured and the role women paly in those institutions. The Saudi family and marriage system is also significantly influenced by the country’s culture and traditions. Traditionally, marriage

Green IT Strategies and Applications Research Paper

Green IT Strategies and Applications - Research Paper Example An audit was carried out taking into consideration various factors of carbon efficiency, waste management, resources distribution and IT advancement. It was found that plenty of room is available for improvement in controlling environmental hazards produced by the super store. Carbon footprints are obvious from the reports. After the audit, a Chief Green Officer has been appointed to take steps in transforming Hyper Star into a Green IT complex. He, along with his team, will carry out initial diagnosis and survey of hyper star in light of reports of audit. They will suggest the changes required for the transformation. After Green IT transformation, Hyper Star will be able to influence its partner super stores working in the state of New Jersey. It is required to use resources in an intelligent manner for overall benefit of the employees of Hyper Star and for enhanced environmental care. The issue is raising the efficiency in the manner to utilize minimum resources, minimum waste and maximum performance and results. The return on investment (ROI) by stake holders is beyond just reducing the environmental impact; its about optimizing the resources for the best efficiency. Preliminary Investigation by Green IT Team The higher authorities and stake holders of Hyper Star demanded the Peer review to be conducted by a Green IT team to analyze their store in the light of environmental compliance. An audit team was established comprising CGO, IT experts, managers of different section of Hyper Star and some members from stores inside Hyper Star. The audit was focused on four factors. Input in the form of economical factors Socio-cultural norms and attitude of employees Business Infrastructure Technical Development Following findings were published in their report. Carbon emissions are large enough to threaten the environment regarding global warming. Hyper star is doing an extensive business in New Jersey and can be quite helpful by creating network with Partner Organiza tions. The waste management is not proper. Plenty of items are being wasted without taking any care of them. The items for sale and complementary products for use by the employees are quite large in number. Considering IT items only, the store contains 200 laptops, 100 desktop machines, 250 Printer machines for tracking records of items purchases by customer, 10 membership card identification modules and 20 tag identification modules for recognizing prices on various items. All these things create significant amount of carbon emissions into the environment i.e. nearly 70 kilo tons of carbon in a month. The equipments used by the staff is aging and contributing more towards carbon emissions, Moreover, the computers which keep record of the items purchased has a huge database that itself is a big burden on environment in terms of carbon footprints. Proper tagging of items is not ensured leading towards use of papers and other small stickers by the staff to tag the prices. As a result, more stuff is produced contributing towards the ultimate waste. Scheduling the billing of each customer is not automated. People have to wait in line for their turn. Also cash counters are not enough to deal with a large number of customers. Reforms are required in this regard. A huge data server is required to be set up that keeps a centralized record of each and every activity in the store. Proper videos will have to be made to minimize the risk of items being

Johann Sebastian Bach Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Johann Sebastian Bach - Research Paper Example Although Bach did not receive recognition as a composer during the period, the 19th century led to a revival of performances and interests in his music, which upon closer examination have made him be regarded as one of the greatest composers in history. Discussion Period of Composition Johann Sebastian Bach made his famous compositions during the Baroque period. This was an era of European music that was between 1600 and 1750. The word Baroque is used in reference to extravagance, abnormality and strangeness. The music played during the Baroque period was highly ornate, intense and lavishly texturized. The composers of this era, such as Johann Sebastian Bach, were able to express feelings and emotions in their compositions. Moreover, the compositions made during the Baroque period had an emphasis on contrast of texture, pace and volume in the music, which was not witnessed in the late renaissance, when the music played, did not concentrate on the aforementioned elements2. Bachâ€℠¢s rise to greatness The rich musical history of Bach’s family was instrumental in ensuring that Bach became the greatest composer in history. Christened father of classical music, Bach demonstrated a deep understanding of phrasing and musical forms. Following Bach’s graduation from St. ... However, the relationship between Bach and the authorities at Arnstadt deteriorated with Bach voicing his dissatisfaction with the singers of the church’s choir3. In 1706, Bach was offered the position of an organist at a church in Muhlhausen, which he decided to take up the following year. This position provided Bach with an opportunity to improve his skills as it included incentives such as a good choir, improved conditions and better remuneration. Bach convinced the city government and the church to refurbish the organ at the church after which Bach repaid them with a festive composition for the incumbent council in the location. The composition became a major success, which compelled the council to reward Bach handsomely4. Bach returned to Weimar as an accomplished concertmaster and organist. He enhanced his prowess by working with professional musicians. Bach was able to spend most of his time composing orchestral and keyboard works. This dedication made him to attain the required confidence and proficiency that enabled him to enhance the existing structures and attain substantial influence in foreign countries. Furthermore, during this time Bach was able to make dramatic openings and use the harmonic schemes and dynamic rhythms, which were synonymous with Italians musicians such as Torelli, Vivaldi and Corelli. The stylistic aspects from the aforementioned Italians enabled Bach to make works, which are played in concerts even to date5. Historical Events in Bach’s Life There are some major events in Bach’s life that influenced and shaped his musical career. When he was 14 years old, Bach was awarded a scholarship that enabled him to study at St. Michaels School. This prestigious school was

Beggaining of Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Beggaining of Judaism - Essay Example During the foundation of this religion, God Discovers Abraham and calls him into a covenant. In this covenant, Abraham is called to be the father of numerous descendants who would be a special nation to God as they would be a case in point for the world. The world would be called to emulate this nation in terms of holiness and commendable conduct. For these special descendants, God would give the Land of Canaan or the Holy land between River Jordan and the Mediterranean Sea. Today, this land comprises the territories of Israel and Palestine while the religion headquarters remains as Jerusalem despite the absence of a temple or other forms of jurisdictional influence (Patheos.com para1). In order to guide the lives of the Israelites, God provided the Israelites with a set of rules. These rules were in the form of the Ten Commandments, which were to guide them. The rules were given to Moses at Mount Sinai. Other religious practices that the Jews were expected to adhere to were the sacrifices and prayer at the altar of sacrifice, sacred tree or stone pillar. Sacrifices were meant for retaining a strong relationship with God through recognizing His authority and influence over their lives. In addition, the Israelites were expected to remain as a religious community. This was possible through Circumcision, a practice that was acceptable for all male children eight days after birth (Religiousfacts.com para11). Religiousfacts.com further records that the relationship between the Jews was at first stormy and filled with challenges, especially during the journey to the Promised Land and in the Promised Land. For forty years, the Jews journeyed in the wilderness with Moses playing the key roles of a leader religiously, politically, military and legislatively. In the wilderness, God sustained them until He led them into the promised land of Canaan after entering into a covenant with them. The covenant required the

Career Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Career Plan - Research Paper Example Therefore, I have decided to become an instructor of computer science. As far as qualification requirements are concerned, I possess the 4 years degree in computer science all what is required to get a job as an instructor of computer science in a post-secondary school. I have researched a lot about this profession and have come to know that teaching computer science to post-secondary level students can be a good choice for me from all aspects. I have studied all those factors that a person evaluates when deciding whether to adopt a profession or not. Let us discuss some of the most important factors that play a valuable role in ensuring success in an individual’s professional career as an instructor of computer science. Job Hours Job hours mean the total number of hours an employee spends on job per week. I have researched this factor and have come to know that a computer science instructor spends 12 to 16 hours per week on job. As Locsin states, â€Å"most have flexible sch edules such as 12 to 16 hours of classes a week, three to six hours of student consultation, and then planning and research time†. Such amount of time can help a person get enough time for getting more knowledge related to his/her professional field. Moreover, I would have plenty of time for student consultation. There is also a 2-month break every summer adding to the charm of this job. Looking at this aspect of this job, I would say that I have made a right decision to become a commuter science instructor, as I would get the time to spend with my friends and family while earning a god amount of money per year. Therefore, considering the factor of job hours, I would say that I have made a right decision because I would get some time for my personal interests while fulfilling my job responsibilities. Salary Salary is one of the most important factors that play their role when deciding whether to adopt a profession or not. I have researched this factor and have come to know tha t post-secondary computer science instructors earn $75,000 to $95,000 per year on average. It also depends on experience. For example, a fresh instructor earns 45,000 to 55,000 per year. On the other hand, an instructor having a 3 to 4 years teaching experience earns a big amount of money per year. I believe that such pay scales are fair enough for a person to live a high standard life in the United States. I have also contacted a few of my relatives and friends who re already in the profession of teaching. According to them, computer science instructors have a good choice of jobs for them, as computer science is a rapidly growing field of study. They also told me that the annual salaries of computer science instructors get more increment as compared to the salaries of other instructors. Therefore, looking at the salary factor I would say that instructor of computer science can live a high standard life because of high salary and flexible job hours. Job Satisfaction Job Satisfaction is another important factor to study when deciding whether to adopt a profession or not. I have researched this factor and have come to know that post-secondary computer science instructors are generally satisfied with their jobs. The reason is again the combination of flexible job hours and salary structure. Every person likes to have a good salary package along with reduced job hours. My friends

Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Biology - Essay Example The other is the â€Å"good cholesterol† which is contained within the high-density lipoprotein and is considered to have beneficial actions on the human beings. Cholesterol can have good effects on the human body and it is because of this that the researchers have termed it as being beneficial under some set conditions. What this means is that cholesterol has got a physiological role in the human body and thus anything in excess is pathogenic and could lead to the harmful effects that come part and parcel with cholesterol. As per the good aspects, we find out that the metabolism of cholesterol is regulated and controlled by enzymes that are different in nature and shape as well as the receptors present within the human body. Cholesterol makes for an effective transferring process of the proteins which are present within the liver, small intestine, peripheral cells and plasma. Cholesterol helps in digestion of dietary fats as well as the production of many different hormones. There is evidence that with the increase of high-density lipoprotein within the human body, longevity could be expected, which surely is a positive sign related with ch olesterol. Cholesterol always helps in building the cell walls and is thus a good agent within the human body from this perspective. For cholesterol to always remain as a beneficial entity there is a dire need to have its intake in a very conservative fashion so that the related excess does not create coronary heart disease and other risks which are closely associated. Cholesterol is an equally good building block as far as Vitamin D is concerned. It helps the sex hormones and different important chemicals are made up due to the presence of cholesterol. Also cholesterol helps at building the structure as well as the function of the invaginated caveole and the clathrin-coated pits. There is a serious role of cholesterol within the synthesis and intake regimes of a human diet and is synthesized

English-language films Essay Example for Free

English-language films Essay Comprehensive and Intrepretive questions 1.Transcendentalist means The quality or state of being transcendental. It means to when someone finds themself through nature and being in solitude. 2.One of the most used quotations in the night thoreau spent in jail is Retirement? What an absurd idea! Why spend the best part of your life earning money so that you can enjoy a questionable liberty during the least valuable part of it? Why work like a dog so you can pant for a moment or two before you die?. I chose this as my number one because of its great meaning. Why work during the prime of your life just so you can spend it doing nothing? This quotes meaning is very powerful to me. My second choice is Henry, if love is all around you, like huckleberries, why do you pick loneliness?. I choose this quote as my second because of its truism. This quote is correct, love is all around us. The emotional atmosphere this quote created for me was both a sense of awakening and dissapointment. My third choice out of the eight is You want to be a matchmaker, Lydian? Find me something innocent and natural and uncomplicated. A shrub-oak. A cloud. A leaf lost in the snow. I choose this as my fourth quote because it has a meaning relating to transcendentalism. When you transcend you are one with nature, and nature is simple and calm, unlike the heavily populated cities. My fifth pick is I dont know you, Mr. Congressman. I doubt if the people of Illinois will re-elect you, because you refused to go along. But I shall remember who you are, Congressman. This quotes shows the problems.

Applications Of Forced Convection Engineering Essay

Applications Of Forced Convection Engineering Essay The experiment was carried out to verify the relationship between Nusselt number , Reynolds number and Prandtl Number using the different concepts of convection. Relative discussions and conclusions were drawn including the various factors affecting the accuracy of the calculated results. The main objective of this experiment was to verify the following heat transfer relationship: Therefore, the experiment is conducted by an apparatus where hot ait from heater is generated and flow through copper tube. Different values of temperatures and pressure were taken and recorded in order to calculate. Besides, graphs plotted and analysed to have a better understanding of convection heat transfer. Thus a Laboratory experiment was conducted where hot air from a heater was introduced through a copper tube with the help of a blower. Thermocouples were fixed in placed at various locations along the length of the copper tube. The different values of temperature and pressure were measured along with the various sections of the tube and other required values were recorded and calculated. Graphs were also plotted with the data obtained and then analysed. INTRODUCTION Heat transfer science deals with the time rate of energy transfer and the temperature distribution through the thermal system. It may be take place in three modes which is conduction, convection and radiation. Theory of convection is presented since this experiment is concerned about convective heat transfer. Convective is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion due to a temperature difference. It involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid motion. There are two major type of convective Forced convection is known as fluid motion generated by blowing air over the solid by using external devices such as fans and pumps. The other type is natural convection which meant by a phenomenon that occurs in fluid segments and facilitated by the buoyancy effect. It is less efficient than forced convection, due to the absence of fluid motion. Hence, it depends entirely on the strength of the buoyancy effect and the fluid viscosity. Besides, there is no control on the rate of heat transfer. Forced Convection Force convection is a mechanism of heat transfer in which fluid motion is generated by an external source like a pump, fan, suction device, etc. Forced convection is often encountered by engineers designing or analyzing pipe flow, flow over a plate, heat exchanger and so on. Convection heat transfer depends on fluids properties such as: Dynamic viscosity ( µ) Thermal conductivity (k) Density (à Ã‚ ) Specific heat (Cp) Velocity (V) Type of fluid flow (Laminar/Turbulent) Newtons law of cooling Where h = Convection heat transfer (W/(m2. °C) A = Heat transfer area = Temperature of solid surface ( °C) = Temperature of the fluid ( °C) The convective heat transfer coefficient (h) is dependent upon the physical properties of the fluid and the physical situation. Applications of Forced Convection In a heat transfer analysis, engineers get the velocity result by performing a fluid flow analysis. The heat transfer results specify temperature distribution for both the fluid and solid components in systems such as fan or heat exchanger. Other applications for forced convection include systems that operate at extremely high temperatures for functions for example transporting molten metal or liquefied plastic. Thus, engineers can determine what fluid flow velocity is necessary to produce the desired temperature distribution and prevent parts of the system from failing. Engineers performing heat transfer analysis can simply click an option to include fluid convection effects and specify the location of the fluid velocity results during setup to yield forced convection heat transfer results. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS Computer case cooling Cooling/heating system design Electric fan simulation Fan- or water-cooled central processing unit (CPU) design Heat exchanger simulation Heat removal Heat sensitivity studies Heat sink simulation Printed Circuit Board (PCB) simulation Thermal optimization Forced Convection through Pipe/Tubes In a flow in tupe, the growth of the boundary layer is limited by the boundary of the tube. The velocity profile in the tube is characterized by a maximum value at the centerline and zero at the boundary. For a condition where the tube surface temperature is constant, the heat transfer rate can be calculated from Newtons cooling law. Reynolds Number Reynolds number can be used to determine type of flow in fluid such as laminar or turbulent flow. Laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers, where viscous forces are dominant. The condition of flow is smooth and constant fluid motion. Meanwhile, turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds number and is dominated by inertial forces and it produce random eddies, vortices and other flow fluctuations. Reynolds number is a dimensionless number. It is the ratio of the inertia forces to the viscous forces in the fluids. Equation for Reynolds Number in pipe or tube is as below: Where à Ã‚  = Fluid density (kg/m3) V = Fluid velocity (m/s) D = Diameter of pipe ÃŽÂ ¼ = The dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pa ·s or N ·s/m ²) ÃŽÂ ½ = Kinematic viscosity (ÃŽÂ ½ = ÃŽÂ ¼ / à Ã‚ ) (m ²/s) Q = Volumetric flow rate (m ³/s) A = Pipe cross-sectional area (m2) EXPERIMENT OVERVIEW Apparatus Figure 1 : Apparatus being used The experimental apparatus comprises of a copper pipe, which is supplied with air by a centrifugal blower and heater as figure 1. The test section of the pipe is wound with a heating tape, which is covered with lagging. Six copper constantan thermocouples are brazed into the wall of the test section. Another six thermocouples extend into the pipe to measure the flowing air temperature. In addition five static pressure tapping are positioned in the tube wall. A BS 1042 standard orifice and differential manometer measure the air mass flow rate though the pipe. Experimental Procedure Fully close the valve which controlling the air flow rate. Measure the everage intermal diameter (D) of the test section pipe by using a vernier calliper. Adjust the inclination angle of the manometer bundle ÃŽÂ ± to 30 °. Start the blower and turn the valve to the fully open position gradually, Adjust the power input to the heating tape to its maximum valve and allow the apparatus to attain thermal equilibrium. Take down the data and record Pressure drop through the metering orifice Pressure and temperature downstream of the orifice Ammeter and voltmeter readings Tube wall temperature along the testing section Air temperature along the test section Air pressure along the test section Ambient temperature and pressure. Repeat the foregoing procedure for another four different flow rate and adjust the heater input to give approximately the same wall temperature at each flow rate. DATA AND MEASUREMENT TABLE Property Symbol Units Value Barometric Pressure Pb mm Hg 741.60 Diameter of the test section pipe Dp m 0.038 Density of water (Manometers fluid) à Ã‚  Kg/m3 1000 Angle of the manometers bundle ÃŽÂ ± degree 30 Property Symbol Units Test 1 2 3 4 5 Pressure drop across orifice ΆH mm H2O 685 565 460 360 260 Pressure drop d/s orifice to atmosphere ΆP mm H2O 178 152 120 93 68 Air temperature downstream orifice t  °C 35 38 38 38 39 EMF (Voltage) across tape V Volts 230 200 165 142 129 Current through tape heater I Amps 7.3 6.3 5.5 5.0 4.0 Flowing air temperature t1  °C 35.0 36.9 38.2 40.0 41.4 Flowing air temperature t2  °C 36.1 37.7 38.9 40.6 41.9 Flowing air temperature t3  °C 43.1 43.6 43.4 44.4 45.6 Flowing air temperature t4  °C 42.2 42.4 42.4 43.5 44.6 Flowing air temperature t5  °C 49.6 48.6 47.0 47.3 48.1 Flowing air temperature t6  °C 63.2 59.6 55.7 54.3 54.6 Tube wall temperature t7  °C 38.9 40.0 40.6 41.9 43.0 Tube wall temperature t8  °C 81.20 73.6 65.9 62.2 61.2 Tube wall temperature t9  °C 99.8 89.1 77.5 71.5 69.5 Tube wall temperature t10  °C 105.9 93.9 81.3 74.6 72.4 Tube wall temperature t11  °C 106.5 94.5 81.8 75.1 73.1 Tube wall temperature t12  °C 108.1 95.5 82.3 75.0 72.5 Air static gauge pressure (Άl.sin ÃŽÂ ±) P1 mm H2O 385 324 255 195 145 Air static gauge pressure (Άl.sin ÃŽÂ ±) P2 mm H2O 264 223 175 132 99 Air static gauge pressure (Άl.sin ÃŽÂ ±) P3 mm H2O 210 181 141 108 79 Air static gauge pressure (Άl.sin ÃŽÂ ±) P4 mm H2O 108 97 81 57 42 Air static gauge pressure (Άl.sin ÃŽÂ ±) P5 mm H2O 23 31 20 16 14 Air static gauge pressure (Άl.sin ÃŽÂ ±) P6 mm H2O à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 0 Sample Calculations Based on 1st set data, Power Input to the tape heater: Power = = (230 x 7.3)/1000 = 1.679 Absolute Pressure downstream of the orifice: 741.60 + (178/13.6)=754.69 mmHg Absolute Temperature downstream of the orifice: T = t + 273 = 365+ 273 = 308 K The Air Mass Flow Rate: air =5.66x = = 231.88 231.88 Kg/hr = 0.06441 Kg/sec, Since 1 Kg/hr = Kg/sec Average Wall Temperature: = (38.9+81.2+99.8+105.9+106.5+108.1)/6 =90.07 Average Air Temperature: = (35+36.1+43.1+42.2+49.6+63.2)/6 = 44.87 The Bulk Mean Air (arithmetic average of mean air) Temperature: = (35+63.2)/6 =49.1 The Absolute Bulk Mean Air (arithmetic average of mean air) Temperature: 49.1+273 =322.10 K The Properties of Air at Tb: Using the tables provided in Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences by Yunus A.Cengel From the table A-18 (Page958), Properties of Air at 1atm pressure at K Density, à Ã‚  = 1.1029 kg/m3 Specific Heat Capacity, Cp = 1.006 kJ/(kg.K) Thermal Conductivity, k = 0.0277 kW/(m.K) Dynamic Viscosity,  µ = 1.95 x 10-5 kg/(m.s) Prandtl Number, Pr = 0.7096 The Increase in Air Temperature: 63.2-35 = 28.2 The Heat Transfer to Air: (231.88/3600) x 1.006 x 28.2 =1.827 Where: = Heat Transfer to air = Mass flow rate = Specific heat capacity = Increase in air temperature The Heat Losses: 1.679-1.827 = -0.148 Where: = Heat losses = Heat Transfer to air The Wall/Air Temperature Difference: 90.07-44.87 = 45.2 Where: = Wall/Air temperature difference = Average air temperature The Heat Transfer Coefficient: = ((231.88/3600) x 1.006 x 28.2) / (3.14 x .0382 x 1.69 x 45.2) = 0.199 kW/ (m^2 .k) Where: = Mass flow rate = Specific heat capacity = Increase in air temperature = Average Diameter of the Copper pipe. = Length of the tube = Wall/Air temperature difference The Mean Air Velocity: = (4 x (231.88/3600))/ (1.1029 x 3.14 x (0.0382 ^2) = 50.9575 m/s Where: = Mean air velocity = Mass flow rate = Density = Average Diameter of the Copper pipe. The Reynolds Number: The Nusselt Number: = Nusselt Number = Average Diameter of the Copper pipe. = Thermal conductivity The Stanton Number: Where: St = Stanton Number = Nusselt Number = Prandtl number Re = Reynolds number The Pressure Drop across the testing section: at Tb = 320.1 K = Pressure drop across the testing section = Absolute pressure downstream of orifice. = Barometric Pressure The Friction Factor: RESULT Power Power kW 1.679 1.260 0.908 0.710 0.516 Absolute Pressure downstream of the orifice P mm Hg 754.69 752.78 750.42 748.44 746.60 Absolute temperature downstream of the orifice T K 308 311 311 311 312 Pressure drop across the orifice à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H mm H20 685 565 460 360 260 Air mass flow Rate air 231.88 209.31 188.57 166.60 141.18 Average wall Temperature tw 90.07 81.1 71.57 66.72 65.28 Average air temperature tair av 44.87 44.80 44.27 45.02 46.03 Bulk Mean air temperature tb 49.1 48.25 46.95 47.15 48.0 Absolute bulk mean air temperature Tb K 322.1 321.25 319.95 320.15 321.0 Density at Tb à Ã‚  1.1029 1.1058 1.1102 1.1095 1.1066 Specific Heat Capacity at Tb Cp 1.0060 1.0060 1.0060 1.0060 1.0060 Thermal Conductivity at Tb K 2.77 2.76 2.75 2.75 2.76 Dynamic Viscosity at Tb ÃŽÂ ¼ 1.95 1.95 1.94 1.94 1.95 Prandtl Number at Tb Pr 0.7096 0.7096 0.7100 0.7100 0.7098 Increase in air temperature from t1 to t6 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  t a 28.2 22.7 17.5 14.3 13.2 Heat transfer to air air W 1.827 1.328 0.922 0.666 0.521 Heat losses losses W -0.148 -0.068 -0.015 -0.044 -0.005 Wall/Air temperature difference à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  t m 45.2 36.3 27.3 21.7 19.25 Heat transfer Coefficient h 0.199 0.180 0.167 0.151 0.133 Mean air velocity Cm 50.9575 45.877 41.167 36.394 30.922 Reynoldss Number Re 110096.353 99380. 144 89994. 330 79509. 225 67204. 418 Nusselt Number Nu 274.4 249 232 209.8 184.1 Stanton Number St 0.00351 0.00353 0.00363 0.0037 0.0039 Pressure Drop across the testing section à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  P 1746.42 1491.59 1176.73 912.57 667.08 Friction Factor f 0.01378 0.0145 0.0141 0.0141 0.0143 Results Plot A Experiment 1 2 3 4 5 Y=ln(Nu x Pr-0.4) 5.75 5.65 5.58 5.48 5.35 X=ln(Re0.8) 9.29 9.21 9.13 9.03 8.89 Y-X -3.54 -3.56 -3.55 -3.55 -3.54 Plot B Experiment 1 2 3 4 5 Y=Nu 274.4 249 232 209.8 184.1 X=Re x Pr 78124.37 70520.15 63895.97 56451.55 47701.69 Stanton number: Reynolds Analogy: Experiment 1 2 3 4 5 Friction factor 0.01378 0.0145 0.0141 0.014 0.0143 Reynolds Analogy 0.00689 0.00725 0.00705 0.007 0.00715 Stanton number 0.00351 0.00353 0.00363 0.0372 0.0386 DISCUSSION In order to get more accurate results, there are some suggestions like cleaning the manometer, checking the insulation on the pipe and making sure the valve is closed tightly. An additional way to prove the heat transfer equation is by re-arranging it. Nu = 0.023 x (Re0.8 x Pr 0.4) Substituting in the experimental values into the above equation from section 5.0 returns the following results below: Experiment 1 2 3 4 5 Y=Nu 274.4 249 232 209.8 184.1 X=Re0.8 x Pr0.4 9415.08 8674.51 8014.48 7258.34 6344.14 Y/X 0.029 0.0287 0.0289 0.0289 0.029 Comparing this to the heat transfer constant, it shows that there is a little difference only which can be negligible. It can also be done by taking the gradient of the line from the plot Nu against (Re0.8 x Pr0.4) as shown below: CONCLUSION A better understanding of the heat transfer was achieved through conducting the experiment. Theoretical sums and experimental values were found to be approximately similar and the different sources of error have been identified. The main objective of this experiment was to verify the following heat transfer relationship: Nu = 0.023 x (Re0.8 x Pr 0.4) Therefore, relation of forced convective heat transfer in pipe is cleared and the objectives were completed.

The History Of Jean Watson caring Science

The History Of Jean Watson caring Science Summary Jean Watson born in 1940 earned a diploma from Lewis Gale Hospital School of Nursing in Roanoke, VA. Watson furthered her education and attended the University of Colorado for her BSN, MSN in psychiatric-mental health nursing and Ph.D. in educational psychology and counseling. Watson has held numerous positions at the University of Colorado as both faculty and administrator. Watson served as faculty at the University of Colorado Health Science Center, dean of the School of Nursing, and fouding Dorector of the center for Human Caring. Watsons first publication was in 1979 and this was the introduction of the theory of Transpersonal Caring to the nursing profession. Watsons theory focuses on preserving the dignity and wholeness of humanity. Transpersonal Caring theory evolved from Watsons own personal values, beliefs, and perceptions regarding human life, health, and healing. (Walker, 1996, p. 144) Watson views nursing as a collective caring-healing role and its mission in society as attending to, and helpting to sustain, humanity and wholeness (Walker, 1996, p. 144). The thoery is meant to be a worldview or ethic by which nursing could know its traditions in health and healing. Watson views nursing as an human science academic discipline and as an clinical profession. The theory views nursing as a societal mission to caring and healing work with others during their most vulnerable moments of lifes journey (Walker, 1996, p. 145). The theory analyzes caring independently from curing. The discipline of caring and hea ling are derived from the arts and humanities. Watsons theory was based on Nightingales healing environment concept. The theory evolved from the belief that an individuals environment affects their healing. The theory began as a philosophy and was never meant to be a testable theory. Watsons goal for the theory is to move nursing from the belief that the human body is a machine to the belief that the interdependent and nondiscrete nature of a world and the spiritual nature of humans is of paramount importance (Watson, 1985, p. 1) Watson defines health as harmony, and illness as disharmony within the mind, body, and spirit. Eastern philosophy influenced Watsons theory on health and illness. In Watsons later works her influence was the Chaos Theory by Kellert and the quantum physics and mechanics by Pelletier (Walker, 1996, p. 191) Watsons goal is to serve as a bridge by which nursing will transition from a biomedical/natural-science model to a postmodern/human-science perspective. Watson believes language is the key to transitiong nursing from the biomedical/natural-science model to the postmodern/human -science model (Walker, 1996, p. 146) Watson (1999) believed nursing is a discipline devoted to caring, health, and healing. Watsons theory has continued to evolve in regards to her concepts. The main components of her origninal theory are: transpersonal caring relationship; ten carative factors; and caring occasion/caring moment. These components defined her orignial concept of transpersonal caring which was defined as a human-to-human connectedness occurring in a nurse-patient encounter wherein each is touched by the human center of the other (Watson, 1985). In Watsons updated theory new dimensions evolved and included the concept that the caring-healing modalities potentiate harmony, wholeness, and confort, and promote inner healing by releasing some of the disharmony and blocked energy that interfere with the natural healing processes (Walker, 1996, p. 151) The transpersonal caring relationship is a strong relationship between nurse and patient. The relationship is a unique relationship for the both the nurse and patient. A nurse enters into the life space or phenomenal field of another person and is able to detect the other persons condition of being (spirit, or soul level), feels this condition within self, and respons in such a way that the person being cared for has a release of feelings, thought , and tension (Walker, 1996, p. 152). Watson believes the necessary knowledge and sensitivity a nurse needs to build a transpersonal caring relationship with their patient can be gained through work with other cultures, study of the humanities, and exploration of ones own values, beliefs, and relationship with self (Walker, 1996, p. 153). Watson wanted the theory to apply to all nurses in any situation and make use of its carative factors in implements and delivering quality nursing care. Weaknesses The first limitation in Watsons theory is the lack of relevancy to todays nursing. Due to the acuity of illness and nurse patient ratios following Watsons theory doesnt seem practical. Watsons model continuously focuses on the spirit, and has a lack of emphasis on the physical entities of an individual. Watsons model would deem difficult to practice for nurses who focus care on the physical aspects and the treatment of illness. Watsons theory focuses on the human care process and not on the therapeutic nature of care (Rafael, 2000, p. 402) Individuals who believe the physical is separate from the spiritual may find this theory unpractical. Watson continuously focuses on the psychosial aspects and need of patients, and this is a secondary concern in the current state of nursing practice. Watsons theory also deems itself to be impractical because it calls for a level of care that is simply impossible in an environment where there is a high acuity of illness, short hospital stays due to lack of insurance, and an increased level of technology which limits the amount of time needed to spend with a patient. In the current business focused era and a bureaucratic health care system, Watsons model would prove to be extremely difficult for nurses to implement. The broad gap between the nurse caring process and the clinical reality, have some authors suggesting that this gap reduces clinical relevance. (Morse, Solberg, Neander, Bottorff, Johnson, 1990, p. 8) Nurses would find current hospital policies and practices would limit their flexibility to implement this theory. The health system follows a different set of values and beliefs and would stand as a barrier for nurses whom choose to follow these principles. Implementation of Watsons theory would require a change from the public and movement away from the idea of treatment and towards healing and caring. Watsons theory would require the restructuring of our entire health system, and rebuilding into a healing focused health care system. Strengths Watsons theory has been criticized by many, but is transformative and brings the caring aspect back to nursing. The theory guides the nurse to focus on the individual and requires the selective use of technology. The theory requires the use of technology only for the enhancement of healthcare practices, and not as the sole guiding factor in healthcare. Watson insists that the nurse focuses on the subjective experience of the patient, to facilitate restoring inner harmony and potential healing (Morse et al., 1990, p. 9) Watson calls the nurse to go beyond the duties of providing standard quality of care, but requires the nurse to provide soul satisfying care. Watson believes it is morally imperative and an obligation to care for the patient and their spiritual needs, regardless of the nurses experience or abilities. This notion also coincides with Leiningers Culture Care theory in requiring the nurse to provide non-judgmental and non-biased culturally competent care. Watsons theory allows the nurse to be flexible in their practice. The theory doesnt require the nurse to follow a set standard or tool. Transpersonal Caring theory focuses on the individual and not the disease or illness. The theory allows the nurse to utilize different interaction methods with different individuals. The theory grants the nurse the ability to adjust their approach and style of care based on the needs of each individual as separate entities and apart from their disease. The adjustment allows the nurse to have a transpersonal moment with their patient in which ones mind-bod- soul engages with anothers mind-body-soul in a lived moment. Here a spiritual union is felt with the other person (Rafael, 2000, p. 402) Watson brings the patient back to focus and eliminates the other common distractors such as technology and illness. By eliminating these distractors Watson is allowing the nurse to meet each patients physical and spiritual needs. Betty Neuman: The Neuman Systems Model Summary Betty Neuman born in 1924 in Ohio received her nursing diploma from Peoples Hospital in 1947 in Akron, Ohio. Neuman later received her B.S. in public health nursing in 1957 and her M.S. public-mental health in 1966 from UCLA. In 1985 she obtained her Ph.D. in clinical psychology from Pacific Western University. Neuman has worked as a bedside nurse, teach, author, lecturer, and consultant. Neuman was the first nurse licensed in California as a marriage and family counselor. The Neuman Systems Model was developed in 1970 in response to graduate students requests for a course that would provide an overview of the physiological, psychological, sociocultural, and developmental aspects of human beings (Fawcett, 2001, p. 211). The model was first published in 1972 and five editions have been published with the last edition in 2010. The model was established during the period of general systems theory and is a holistic model based upon interactions and relationships. Neumans System Model consists of two major components stress and the reaction to stress (Neuman, 1995, p. 22). The model has four major concepts in relation to nursing which are: human being/individual, environment, health, and nursing. The model is an open system and defines the individual as a human being, the community, or a family. The goal of the system is to maintain balance and stability. Neuman allows the individual to maintain balance by utilizing resources within and outside of the system, or eliminate internal or external factors that affect the individuals ability to maintain stability. Factors that disrupt an individuals ability to maintain stability are called stressors. Neuman views stressors as either negative or positive and deem them capable of having this same effect on the individual. The model requires the individual to utilize and exchange with its environment. The individual may adjust itself according to the environment or adjust the environment as long as the ultimate goal of stability is met. The physiological psychological, sociocultural, developmental and spiritual factors are considered the core of the model. If the individual has maintained stability then these factors functions harmoniously amongst each other in spite of environment and stressors. Neuman believes when these factors are working together harmoniously and optimal stability has been attained then the individual has also obtained a greater level of wellness. Neuman utilizes wellness and health interchangeably and identifies these factors as optimal system stability, or the optimal state of wellness at a given time (Neuman, 1990, p. 129). The levels of health vary and is based upon the individuals response to its environment and stressors. The model identifies illness and death as requiring more energy that what is available, and wellness as requiring less energy than what is available or generated (Neuman, 1990, p. 129) Neuman utilizes prevention at the levels of primary, secondary, and tertiary to maintain stability (Fawcett, 2001, p. 213). Primary prevention is health promotion and maintenance and is utilized when a risk is identified and before its onset. Secondary prevention occurs after the risks onset and is utilized to prevent further injury and disability. If secondary prevention is unable to maintain stability the individual will move towards tertiary prevention. Tertiary prevention is maintaining maximum stability even with a disability to promote health and return to primary prevention. Neuman defines nursing as helping the individuals system attain, maintain, or retain system stability (Fawcett, 2001, p. 211). Neuman identifies the job of the nurse to accurately assess the individual and identify the stressors to their system, and assist the individual in making adjustments that will promote optimal health and wellness. By identifying and assisting the nurse stands as the linkage between the individuals system, its environment, and health. The nurses interventions are aimed at helping the individual maintain a level of stability. The level of stability must be maintained under the conditions of the environment and possibly stressors if the factors are unable to be eliminated. The nurse must assist the individual in maintaining stability under these conditions and minimize the amount of energy consumed by the individual. The model identifies a three-step process for the nurse and consists of the nursing diagnosis, nursing goals, and nursing outcomes. The Nursing Dia gnosis consists of the assessment and diagnosis of each individual. The second step Nursing Goals consists of the identification and planning phase. The final step Nursing Outcomes is the implementation and evaluation phase. (Fawcett, 2001, pp. 212-213) Weaknesses The major weakness identified in Neumans model is the ambiguity of the terms used in the model. Clarification is needed regarding the terms interpersonal stressors, extrapersonal stressors, and reaction. Gigliotti (2003) noted that linking statements (relational propositions) between stressors and the environment should be clearer (Gigliotti, 2003, p. 203). The reader can assume that interpersonal stressors occur between two people and extrapersonal stresors occur between a group or society and the person, but this is not clearly defined in Neumans literature. Hoffman (1982) analyzed the NSM and explored its use for theory construction concluding that the concepts of the NSM were defined and proposed that concept interrelations be further investigated so that relational hypotheses could be formulated (Gigliotti, 2003, p. 203). The differentiation between interpersonal and extrapersonal is not clear. The pictorial diagram of Neuman Systems Model includes the term reaction, but in the original model the term reaction is not clearly defined or discussed. The second weakness identified in Neumans model is the inconsistence use of the concepts health, environment and nursing. Neumans literature identifies health, environment, and nursing as major concepts within the model, but these concepts do not appear in the models diagram. Neumans diagram is considered to be an important representation of her model, but major concepts are eliminated from the model. Gigliotti (2003) noted that the definitions of essential concepts that Neuman had then supplied were adequate but the definitions of health, environment, and nursing needed clarification (Gigliotti, 2003, p. 203). Major concepts stated and continuously used within Neumans literature should be identifiable and noted within the pictorial explanation of the model. Strengths A major strength in Neumans model is its ability to be widely used within nursing. Neuman reports that the model was designed for nursing but can be used by other health disciplines (Fawcett, 2001, p. 212). If all nurses and other disciplines utilize this model then a consistent approach to health care will be facilitated. If all disciplines utilize the same model, established by Neuman, perhaps redundancy and errors will be limited across health care disciplines. Redundancy would be eliminated and the patient would only have to explain their needs or story once to all health care disciplines, rather than, having to tell the same story many different times. The second strength in Neumans model is not only can it be used across other health care disciplines, but can be utilized within all areas of nursing. Neumans model is flexible in the sense that it can be used in the areas of research, administration, education, and clinical practice all within nursing. The third edition of Neumans model highlights the use of the model in all areas of nursing throughout the United States, Australia, Canada, England, Holland, Sweden and Wales (Fawcett, 2001, p. 211). The widespread use of this model illustrates its universal applicability. Neuman highlights this applicability as crucial during the current state, in which, the nursing profession has an increased need for unity within the discipline. Neuman believes the systematic Nursing Process format has been especially relevant as a guide for practice, despite all of the social and professional changes that nursing continues to experience (Fawcett, 2001, p. 212).

Lasers :: essays research papers

The laser is a device that produces a beam of light. The beam is produced by a process known as stimulated emission, and the word “laser'; is an acronym for the phrase “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.'; Lasers amplify light and produce coherent light beams. A light beam is coherent when its waves or photons are in step with one another. Laser light can be made extremely intense, highly directional, and very pure in color. BASIC PRINCIPLES   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Light can be characterized both by its frequency, or number of wave crests passing a given point per second, and by its wavelength. Different wavelengths of light are seen as different colors. Like radio waves, light can also carry information. The information in the beam varies in the frequency or shape of the light wave. Because light waves are of much higher frequencies than radio waves, the have a higher information carrying capacity. In beams of light,individual photon waves are not moving along together because they are not being emitted at the same instant but instead in random short bursts. Such beams are called incoherent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The process for laser action, was first proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. The working principles of lasers were outlined by the American physicists Arthur Leonard Schawlow and Charles Hard Townes in their 1958 patent application. The patent was granted but was later challenged by the American physicist and engineer Gordon Gould. In 1960 the American physicist Theodore Maiman observed the first laser action in solid ruby. HOW A LASER WORKS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A laser is made up of several basic components. One is called active medium, which consists of atoms of a gas, molecules in a liquid, ions in a crystal, or any of several other possibilities. Another component consists of some method of introducing energy into the active medium, such as a flash lamp. The third basic component is a pair of mirrors placed on either side of the active meduim, one of which transmits part of the radiation that strikes it. Atoms initially in a lower state are raised to the upper state by energy from a flash lamp or some other pumping source. Some of these atoms emit light in random directions. Light traveling vertical to the mirrors stays within the active medium long enough to stimulate emission from other atoms. Light traveling in other directions are soon lost. Some light reaching the output mirror is transmitted to form the laser beam, some is reflected back through the medium to continue the stimulated-emission process.

A Humorous Distillation of Antigone by Maurice Sagoff :: essays research papers

A Humorous Distillation of Antigone by Maurice Sagoff This poem is quite successful in getting the plot across to the reader. Unfortunatly, that is all he can get across because of his beleif that, "inside every fat book is a skinny book trying to get out." Sargoff cannot have character descriptions, themes, or any real detail in his "skinny book" because of his beleifs. Sargoff leaves off why Polynices should not be burried and why his brother, who is not even menchoned, can be burried. This is important to building the feelings of contempt towards Creon and an understanding of what Antigone is doing. Also, because this is a "Humorous Distillation," the tone of the play is lost. Instead of being a dramatic play about obeying a higher law, it is a comical, rhyming poem about what happened. This may cause it to lose the impact it had. Sargoff reduces important and pivotal points in the story to a sentence such as, "Creon wilts, and tries to bang a U-ee." This sentence does not tell of Creon's attempt to repent for what he! has done by burrying Polynices and then going to free Antigone. Even if Sargoff gets all of the plot across, that is not enough to tell the whole story. Aristotelian Unities Yes, Antigone does follow the Aristotelian Unities. The play occurs in the same place and roughly the same time. Things that happened before the play or outside of the place, was told by a messenger or a character themself. The action was all centered around Antigone's actions. Her actions were the sole cause of everything that happened. Greek Tragedy Antigone does follow the Greek definition of tragedy. Tragedy is a story or play that has a signifigant conflict of morals, with a noble protagonist displaying a tragic flaw that is their strength but leads to their downfall. The exposition of the story is when Antigone is talking with her sister and we learn of what has happened. The turning point of this play is when Creon tries to mend his wrongs by burying Polynices and freeing Antigone. Antigone herself is the tragic hero because she dies for what she believes morally right. Antigone's tragic flaw is that she has only sees her point of view which leads to her death. The denouement of this story is everybody dying and then Creon realizing what he has caused. The song of the story is attenden to throuhg the chorus' comentating on what is happening or

The Coca-Cola Company. Csr Policy

The Coca-Cola Company and its CSR policy There is no doubt that one of the most popular multinationals today is The Coca-Cola Company. It has strong CSR policy where â€Å"CSR† is not only about being responsible for customers and fans around the world but also being aware of employees’ needs. Talking about employees – The Roberts Environmental Center at Claremont McKenna College in California publishes annual analyses of corporate environmental and social reports (together called sustainability reports). In 2009, The Coca-Cola Company received an overall rating of A+, topping the list of companies reviewed in its sector. Among the keys to earning that recognition is maintaining world-class standards for fair and dignified treatment of all the people who work for it. Its Workplace Rights Policy serves to ensure that a consistent approach to workplace rights is applied worldwide – as an integral part of culture, strategy and day-to-day operations. However this is just one side of the coin. Suppliers are another group The Coca-Cola Company proves loyal to. Having a sound, stable and ethical supply base is important for its growth and the footprint it leaves in local communities around the world. Its suppliers provide its system with materials, including ingredients, packaging and machinery, as well as goods and services. As a company, it has a responsibility to hold its direct suppliers and bottling partners to standards no less than those required by applicable law. It also has an opportunity to support community development by purchasing goods and services from minority- and women-owned business enterprises (MWBEs). Furthermore in 2009 The Coca-Cola Company is the recipient of the prestigious World Environment Center's (WEC) Twenty-Fifth Annual Gold Medal for International Corporate Achievement in Sustainable Development (for implementing strategic business initiatives in the high impact areas of water stewardship, sustainable packaging, energy management and climate protection) and is among the 10 recipients of the Natural Health Magazine's first â€Å"Green Choice† awards (selected because of its leadership and commitment to recycling and impressive light-weighting efforts). Although it is really difficult to point out all the â€Å"green† initiatives this multinational is up to daily, monthly, annually or on a long-term basis, here are some of its highlights. Firstly, water efficiency is viewed as a main goal. To be the most efficient water user among peer companies is a distinction the company wants to achieve. In 2008, on average they used 2. 43liters of water to produce a one liter beverage. One liter goes into the beverage itself, and 1. 43liters are used for manufacturing processes such as rinsing, cleaning, and cooling. Still they are nearly half way to their 2012 goal of 2. 7liters per liter which will be a 20 percent improvement. Additionally, since 2005 they have been involved in more than 250 community water partnerships in 70 countries to support locally relevant initiatives, such as watershed protection; expanding community drinking water and sanitation access; agricultural water use efficiency; and education and awareness programs. I n 2009, respected experts are asked to work with them to calculate the water benefits of these projects. Secondly, considerable attention is paid to packaging. For an example – more than half of the metal in aluminum cans is recycled. The Company’s plant in the United States is the world's largest plastic bottle to bottle recycling plant with capacity to produce approximately 100 million pounds of food grade recycled PET plastic for reuse each year – the equivalent of producing nearly 2 billion 20ounce Coca-Cola bottles. As a conclusion: The Coca-Cola Company is one of those multinationals we can accuse of great marketing strategy and still believe it is not all about making profit or making people turn a blind eye to its â€Å"dark† side. Sometimes it does matter to do things with an appeal!

Thantopsis and the Road Theme Death

AP English Period 5 William Bryant uses imagery of Nature’s beauty to create a theme that death is beautiful and serene, while Cormac McCarthy uses imagery darkness and dead things to create a theme that death is scary and dark. Bryant’s perception of death shows that it is interconnected with nature at which it is a life cycle. He shows us a different perspective on how death is. His use of creative imagery of nature to death creates the theme of death being not as bad as it seems. McCarthy’s view of death differs from Bryant’s view.McCarthy uses a post-apocalyptic world where nature is dead to support the theme that death is horrible. Both authors use imagery to show the relationship between life and death to create themes opposite of each other. In Thanatopsis, the author shows the theme about death by comparing it to nature’s beauty. Most people see death as horrible, but Bryant shows an in-depth meaning to it. The poem starts off by personifyin g nature as a beautiful female, â€Å"†¦and a smile and eloquence of beauty† (Lines 4-5), who will always be there for you to make you feel better, â€Å"Into his darker musings, with a mild and healing sympathy. (Lines 6-8) The poem takes a shift and talks about how death feels like â€Å"Of the stern agony, and shroud, and pall and breathless darkness, and the narrow house,† (Lines 11-12) and the idea of being in pain in a dark coffin. The poem continues going back and forth on nature’s beauty and death, and soon connects it back to the theme. â€Å"Thy growth, to be resolved to earth again, (Line 23)† shows that after death is another phase of life itself, and we will return to be one with nature. Our dead decomposing bodies will be mixed in with nature, â€Å"Shall send his roots abroad, and pierce thy mould. Line 30)† Bryant compares nature to a coffin, â€Å"Are but the solemn decorations all of the great tomb of man. † (Line 44- 45), to show the coffins of dead people created nature’s beauty, the valleys, hills, rivers. Bryant leaves a message to the living that death, the great equalizer, is inevitable and everyone will die eventually, â€Å"The youth†¦ gray-headed man. †(Line 68-70) He then continues on telling the message that you only live once, so live your life to your full potential, â€Å"So Live,† (Line 73) and be aware that death will eventually come â€Å"with a blanket around him and getting ready for a happy, dream-filled sleep,† (Line 80-81).You will not go to death alone. Everyone who has ever died will already be there. Everyone who hasn't gone yet will be there eventually. Bryant connects nature with death because it’s with all the death that Mother Nature’s beauty was created, and as you become one with nature. In The Road, McCarthy makes death a darker and scary theme. Since the beginning to the end of the book, McCarthy uses imagery to show that death is horrible. As the father and son are on the road, the father describes everything he sees He tells detail imagery on the dead trees, no colors, ash; abandon man-made objects, like buildings and trains, and others.Every living thing in the world is dead, so they savage what they can from abandon houses to keep themselves from starving, and freezing to death. There is a constant fear of dying from the boy, â€Å"Are we going to die? Sometime. Not Now,† (Page 10) but the father knows that they are going to die, but not now. The Father and son are out in an unforgiving, dangerous world where even the slightest misstep could lead to death, so they keep on moving. All they see is death, â€Å"Inside the barn three bodies hanging from the rafters, dried and dusty,† (Page 16) as they move.The boy has seen so much death in his short life that he learns to accept it and understand that death is here. The father is only living because of the son, and it is his respon sibility to find him a safe place, as the son is only living for his father. The boy said, â€Å"I wish I was with my mom,† because he wishes to be dead like his mother. The first death that both the father and son witness was his mother death. The mother didn’t want to live anymore because she couldn’t face the world as it is filled with cannibals and murderers, â€Å"they are going to rape us and kill us and eat us and you won’t face it.You’d rather wait for it to happen. But I can’t. † (p. 58). The father and son are always on the move because of the fear that they will be eaten by cannibals. In the mansion, the father opened up the room, and saw living humans held captive to be food for the cannibals. The father and son saw a beheaded, gutted out, baby over a fire when they were starving for food (Page 199). Death is everywhere in The Road. They are always on the constant move so they can run away from death by finding food and wa rmth, while hiding from the cannibals.Both works of literature gives a clear relationship between life and death. McCarthy shows imagery that describes that death is horrible. The constant running to find what they can to eat while hiding from cannibals show that death is at the door, and it is only a matter of time before they die. Bryant’s imagery of death is more serene and beautiful. He gave a lighter and happier tone on death and how death shouldn’t not be feared, and live your life. Both McCarthy and Bryant uses imagery to show death as a beauty or scary.

Construction of femininity Essay

The very titles of both plays, Gertrude, The Cry and Ophelia Thinks Harder offer the grounds for the presumption that the central theme is related to a woman. Furthermore, in the light of postmodernism one may presuppose to read the revisionary approach on the woman’s question. Now when Gertrude and Ophelia have become the archetypes, their reading in the postmodernist works gives the possibility to understand the principles of the latest tendencies of the literature. The play expresses the modern understanding of Hamlet by throwing the light upon the subjects that were left enigmatic by Shakespeare. Reading the archetypes in the modern adaptations allow a better understanding of postmodernism. The study’s focus is the representations of Shakespearean Hamlet women in the modern plays. Despite a series of transgressive forms of language in both literary pieces (in particular in Barker’s), the plain-spoken parody on the original play, the focus on the problem and the atmosphere of femininity appear close to original Shakespeare. The atmosphere around femininity in both plays seem more authentic to the heroes of original Hamlet that for example in the representations of 19th [1] century when the femininity was a cult and the femininity of Ophelia was the idyllic example. Is it the genius of Shakespeare to create a play that seems to have constantly the necessity to be unveiled? Is it the work of poststructuralist philosophers that influenced the postmodern authors to re-understand the women in Shakespeare’s literature? Has the urgency of rethinking of the female role through rethinking the femininity finally found its proper reflection in the fiction? Of course, Gertrude and Ophelia represent different and sometimes quite the opposite female types. Gertrude is in her maturity while Ophelia is in her puberty. This difference gives the opportunity to study the whole picture of femininity on different levels. To make the picture complete, both authors introduce new feminine characters. In order not to eclipse Gertrude, Barker omits Ophelia in his adaptation; however he introduces Isola, Claudius mother and Ragusa, somewhere at Ophelia’s place. As for Betts, there are Maid and Virgin Mary; however the plot is formed in a way that to the end of the play there are more female characters than male. Gertrude and Ophelia characters symbolize the eternal problems that women are facing. Different as they are, they always converge. And the study of both of them is necessary for this course of effort to bring the answers to the questions raised above. The philosophical debates over essentialism and femininity, the problems of gender, the rethinking of its ontological construction, the post-structuralism and the deconstruction have been largely introduced in the course of the 20th century [2]. Although, they have some differences in approach, commonly they agree that the femininity is to be socially constructed. It is rather clear that both postmodern writings of Barker and Betts could possibly not disregard these approaches when writing on women. Moreover they are industriously participating in the debates. For example, the plot Ophelia Thinks Harder is explicitly under-wound on gender construction. Barker is focusing more on the relation of femininity and the power. Bett’s claim on Queen: â€Å"We have to work at being women†¦ † (Queen,3,17) highlights the coercive nature of femininity and can recall one the Beauvoir’s famous claim that one is not born, but rather becomes a woman[3]. Femininity construction in the conventional understanding is regarded as the â€Å"the art that [all the heterosexual women] must master†(Queen, Scene 3, p. 16). It is quite natural that all the compulsory is to be criticized in the western democratic society. However the femininity is compelled so slight and subtle that one can possibly not be aware of it. But the outcome of this compelled femininity can be more dangerous to the point that one can believe and can touch all the levels of human being. This is what this study will attempt to highlight in this work. It is sad to mark that this is the prevailing philosophy as for gender problems finds its supporters mainly in the homosexual ranges. [4] With all my respect for the diversity, in some cases it is like Barker’s Hamlet who â€Å"will write the Book of Love whilst having never oh not ever loved† (Hamlet, Scene 13, p. 55). While the heterosexual women suffer of so many not less urgent problems of no solution. What is the role for example of the philosophy on gender, treating the problems of femininity in the issue of domestic violence. A 1992 Council of Europe study on domestic violence against women found that one in four women experience domestic violence over their lifetimes, 400 hundred women die because of their partner’s violence every year [5]. Generally speaking, the contemporary philosophical orientation is hardly finding something constructive to propose at least for heterosexual women leaving the contradiction unresolved. Efrat Tseelon criticizes the modern authors regarding the woman’s question in â€Å"The Masque of Femininity†: â€Å"My claim is that this tradition covers very different theoretical explanations. It ranges from mythological and theological descriptions which define the essence of a woman as dissimulation, to psychoanalytic accounts and contemporary social theory which define the essence of femininity as an inessential social construction†[6]. Majority of the postmodern writers and philosophers, who are focusing on femininity, give the answers principally on the deconstruction of gender. Some tendencies for internationalized feminism take into consideration the women of the third world situations as highly appreciable [7]. However, similar problems in the western society do not have the sufficient treat. Even if theories exist, they are too difficult to adopt in real life for the heterosexual majority of women as it is proved in Ophelia Thinks Harder. In this context literary works treating questions concerning women again become more important. They are indispensable in understanding femininity in modern terms. Inasmuch as studying them contributes to the working on the consciousness. And it is due to the quality of the literature independent of the conventional construction or philosophical trends and largely contributing into both, to intersect the theory and the real life. Whereas Howard Barker’s intentions are rather cryptic, Jean Betts provides the both in her work: her work is full of incomparable imagination, she provides the historical and philosophical data from Aristotle to Queen Elizabeth and the outline of Christian thought over femininity and she evokes for the representations of women in all the dimensions. Of course such approach helps her preliminarily to put some light on the original character of Shakespearean Ophelia by the introduction of the thought on femininity in the period when Shakespeare created Ophelia, the post-Elizabethan period, the beginning of the 17th century. This information in the guise of fiction makes apparent the true reason of Shakespearean Ophelia’s collapse. Women were regarded as physiologically â€Å"failed men† – as a product of incomplete development caused by insufficient generative heat in the womb. They were seen as the effeminate man, the aberrations of effeminacy. Woman’s sexuality was thought of almost a separate organism within the woman, with a will – womb[8]. Calling back to these perversions in the postmodernist frame allows the reader to question the hegemonic cultural discourse of nowadays. Whereas Betts is trying in her own words to help to â€Å"dismantle some of the foundations of this deeply buried prejudice against women†, (Writer’s Notes, Ophelia Thinks Harder), Barker is focusing more on the sexuality of the femininity as the power and the tragic outcome of the excess of the femininity and feminine sexuality. He questions the verity of the sexual feminine liberation and if it really liberates the woman. Undoubtedly a certain sexual feminine liberation has become a part of the conventional construction of femininity. However, there is no seamless category of conventional femininity, no for femininity as there is no seamless category for the woman. â€Å"The very subject of women is no longer understood in stable or abiding terms†[9]. The best possible definition for the conventional femininity gives Betts’s Gertrude: â€Å"†¦ display her wares†¦ you’ll dazzle them all†¦ a fantastical cosmetic and corset fitting process; e. g. Eyebrow plucking, leg waxing, arm oiling, nails, garish face mask, fierce corsetry, grossly padded bra, chastity belt, etc†¦ You will delight, but not over-excite. †¦ a pure sweet, submissive little virgin†¦ † The conventional femininity is double-faced. Having Chaste Mary as an ideal, the feminine best culmination is â€Å"to play the cards right†. What Ragusa has actually performed. †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ marriage is the greatest moment in a woman’s life to be a bride the day of all days†¦ † (Ragusa, Scene 15, p. 63). Trying her best to construct the feminine self, she married Hamlet and inherited the throne after his death. Ophelia’s Mother suggests: â€Å"women are treacherous, sly, scheming, deceitful†¦ †. Even making children in the conventional understanding of the femininity is corresponded to please or manipulate man: â€Å"They want kids, do it. They don’t – well come to me and I’ll help you when the time comes. â€Å"; â€Å"A woman with a son is powerful. † (Queen, Scene 3, p. 17; 19) However, in the original version Gertrude had nothing but sufferance and the collapse of her life because of her son, who did not accept her mode of life. The response is paradoxically given by the same all feminine Betts Gertrude: â€Å"-and we are inconsiderate enough not to give a shit what driveling adolescents like you think. † (Queen, Scene 7, p. 54). Of course, Barker’s power of Gertrude is certainly far from her bearing a son. Unmasking the masquerade Insomuch as the woman’s question is to be read the titles of both plays, the unthought-of before or rethought (thinks harder) and a sore utterance of the extreme feelings (the cry) are manifesting. Shakespearean women thus have a chance to cry out their repressed truths. It is absolutely normal when taking in consideration the historic-cultural context of the role of gender in the Shakespearean period that women like Gertrude and Ophelia, were shown and identified by their relation to men. It is of the great achievements of Shakespeare to draw the remarried widow as the tragic hero when â€Å"for playwrights of the early modern period, a remarrying widow was a subject for comedy†[10]. Today, in the light of deconstruction, what was identified as the feminine can turn to be masculine and vice-versa theoretically [11]. Practically, the process of choosing the gender is not without the desperate torments. The femininity as the obstruction to the knowledge in Betts version and the extreme feminine sexuality of as the pseudo pluck of the apple of forbidden knowledge in Barkers are the central themes in the plays. Betts’ Ophelia hence thinks harder than the original Shakespearean one. What does this possibility to think or to rethink presents for the female? Shakespearean Ophelia’s life was predicated by what men around her thought. Her father and brother decided how she should behave herself. Hamlet’s refusal of her was fatal. Betts offers Ophelia the choice to think herself for her life, what will it turn to? As for Gertrude, will her cry hush the desperate attempts of Hamlet to de-sexualize her? Is the cry the horror and sexual pleasure of her femininity or does it stand over female and masculine categories? Modern Shakespeare suggests that Gertrude’s flagrancy, her over sexualized femininity cost the life of another feminine innocent Ophelia [12]. Indeed desire and death go traditionally together as proved above, but what is the place of the femininity in desire? Even if it is true, why should the feminine sexual desire be identified with femininity? And why should the masculine desire excuse itself by femininity? In Betts rewriting, Ophelia is in the same cultural context, the oppressed woman, the same â€Å"mad fool† (Queen, 7, 52) boyfriend Hamlet. It should therefore come as no surprise, that her desperate attempts of thinking meet the terrible attacks from all the members of the society. To condemn these attempts on failure, they take an argument that thinking is not feminine, accusing Ophelia of not being feminine. Throughout the play Betts is proving that the imposed conventional femininity is an instrument to prevent the woman to think. She focuses in particular on why thinking for a woman is so dangerous in the conventional understanding. The power stands for the explanation and certainly not a â€Å"psychotic clown† who sets the rules. The power serves as the relationship between individuals. The one who possesses the knowledge possesses the power. Isn’t after overcoming the conventional femininity and get educated that: â€Å"we dress up to learn, to write, to get published†¦ be lawyers, doctors, lead armies, run countries†¦ † (R&G, Scene 8) that the gender war is foreseen to happen: â€Å"I see strife; I see gender war; I see the initial X†(First Woman 4, 26). At first glance, Barker’s Gertrude possesses the power. She is evidently more delighted with her sexual power than the political one that she posses with her statute of the queen. From her comes out the cry, the extreme point of ever possible desire and pleasure and of horror. The extreme desire is always conventionally associated with sin as well as with feminine. This is evident in the story of Adam and Eve, the first man and woman. The first sin has become sexualized with Eve’s violation of God’s specific instruction [13] The Cry is like the reproduction of the first sentiment that the new sinful world lived: the desire and the horror. Gertrude possesses this cry. Is the extreme femininity the way to posses the cry or does it come out of the brain that has no binary category? â€Å"MY BRAIN IS WHERE DESIRE IS† (Hamlet 5, 28) Where is the place of the intellect in the conventional construction of the femininity? Knowledge and desire go together. As mentioned above was it not for the desire of knowledge that the first sin occurred? Therefore, knowledge is interpreted as unnatural to female. As the epigraph to Ophelia Thinks Harder proposes: â€Å"Laborious learning or painful pondering, even if woman should greatly succeed in it, destroy the merits that are proper to her sex† (Kant). In the course of all these tormenting moments of thinking, Betts’ Ophelia is read as what is in the psychoanalytic terms called bisexual: not feminine, not masculine. At least she is resisting to become feminine. Before getting down on why she is refusing the conventional femininity, one should clearly make the difference between the biological sex and the socially constructed femininity or masculinity. Freud claims that the child is born bisexual and femininity or masculinity is constructed [14]. Following the psychological steps related to his parents the child develops his/her masculinity/femininity. Then as it is developing it is influenced by the socio cultural frames. Together with the theory of deconstruction they would consider us to read Ophelia bisexual. Indeed she claims that she does not want to be the man, nor the woman (Scene 3, 17). However her bisexuality is also determined by the social frames. She does not want not to be the man, nor the woman because she does not want to be seen like conventional feminine or masculine. The conventional understanding of the femininity does not correspond to her individuality. Hence, she is refusing the conventional notion of being feminine: â€Å"Behavior as instinctive as a cat’s with a bird†¦ † (Hamlet, Scene 1, p. 3); â€Å"†¦ viper†¦ like Eve would arouse in him evil and lust (Hamlet, Scene 4, p. 29) or â€Å"The lady doth protest too much†(III,ii,225) She is refusing to be tough and try to corrupt the man she is not. She is refusing to be tough to be overwhelmed with her sexuality as something shameful. â€Å" Hormones, cycles of blood, reproductive turmoil-you are flushed with your female destiny-you are adulated, euphoric-yes-you are clearly in love†¦ † (Hamlet, Scene 1, p. 3). If choosing gender in the natural way is as impossible as it was in the original version and if we know that the femininity is rooted in the social construction is it left to the society to decide if she becomes a normal woman [feminine]? Is there a solution to stand out the opinion of the society? On one hand Barker’s Gertrude is independent from the society’s opinion, on the other she is strongly dependent on others, as she needs to astonish. The conflict in Ophelia Thinks Harder lies in Ophelia’s resistance to the psychic subordination of the conventional. Being female, according to the social conventions her body must be superior to her mind, while the masculinity would be gifted with mind and femininity with body. Ophelia is forced to be separated from her mind and to delight and be delighted by her feminine body. She is not abnormal or exceptional. â€Å"The thousands of us† (Scene 8, p. 66) had to disguise as men to be disjoined from their minds. Judith Butler is decisive upon Beauvoir proposal that the female body ought to be the situation and the instrumentality of the woman’s freedom, not a defining and limiting essence [15]. She writes: â€Å"In the philosophical tradition that begins with Plato and continues through Descartes, Husserl, and Sartre, the ontological distinction between soul (consciousness, mind) and body invariably supports relations of political and psychic subordination and hierarchy†. While Betts uncovers the diverse and dissimilar states of female’s self-construction, Barker is focusing on the exploration of the body. Helen Cixous is speaking about the writing of the female body [16]. Quite in a similar way, Barker is studying the possibility of â€Å"learning to approach their [women’s] own forbidden bodies†. Indeed one can mark the parallel even in the titles with The Laughter of Medusa and Gertrude The Cry. Barker’s Gertrude claim â€Å"I’ve made an instrument out of my body† (Scene 14, p. 62). Gertrude explores and perceives the knowledge through the possibilities of her body. Of course Barker has not invented that Gertrude is exploring her sexuality. Shakespearean theme is also read in Betts: â€Å"it may come as a shock, little boy, but quite a lot a lot of people over 30 fondle each other. Oh yes; Claudius and I†¦ HAVE SEX. † (Queen, Scene 7, p. 54).

Environmental Values Paper Essay

Ecofeminism like other groups advocating the ideals of feminism is a particular distinction applied to women whose great efforts are directed towards the interrelations of society and nature. Greta Claire Gaard (1993) pointed out that the term ecofeminism is â€Å"more descriptive of a concern with cultivating an ecological ethic that goes beyond concepts of social justice† (p. 18). Ecofeminism is defined as â€Å"a value system, a social movement, and a practice, which offers political analysis which explore the links between androcentrism and environmental destruction† (p. 18). In other words, what Claire Gaard is pointing out is that ecofeminism is an awareness that starts with the understanding that the abuse of nature is closely â€Å"linked to Western Man’s attitude toward women† (p. 18). That is, according to Claire Gaard, there is a parallel in men’s thinking between their right to exploit nature, on the one hand, and the use they make of women on the other. Pluralism and environmental pragmatism on the other hand is not new to many of us. Thus, these two were not given much introduction in this paper though they are equally important topic. The most important principles of ecofeminism The most important principle of ecofeminism is to ensure that progress is tempered by an ethic of care for nature, and to create â€Å"sustainable level of progress that respect the needs of nature as well as the true needs of humans† (Meyer, M. K. & Prugl, E. 1999, p. 227). The first principle which emphasized on the care of nature is very important amidst the issue of climate change, globalization, maintaining ecological balance. Today, we are all aware of the enormous environmental problems created by human exploitations and abuses of nature. This includes deforestations through illegal cutting of trees and illegal farming, over fishing, exploitations of mineral reserves, conversion of lands to industrial and residential use, and so forth. Added to these are the burden of carbon dioxide emission of millions of cars around the world which are fast building greenhouse gasses that are creating global warming and climate change. With out ecological balance, our planet is doomed to become like a huge furnace that is no longer fit to live with. The ecofeminist emphasis on the ethic of care for the nature is consistent with the call of ecological scientists for everyone to help preserve our planet through taking care of our environment. Although this principle implies a double meaning, but they are right to say that progress should not be an excuse for environmental abuses and degradation. The other important principle of ecofeminism is to create ‘sustainable level of progress that respects the needs of nature as well as the true needs of humans. ’ Concern for the needs of nature may be different from simply preserving the nature it self, and sustainable level of progress requires careful intervention on the part of the government to implement protective laws that will ensure balance between the uses of ecological product and the sources. That is, with greater demands for these ecological products and with little efforts to replenish them, most of what we have now will soon become extinct. Emphasis on sustainable progress based on the needs of nature and true human needs is very important because it determines our future and the future of our mother earth. The most important principle of pluralism Pluralism confronts us in all aspect of our lives. Plurality pervades our society and it encompasses the different political, ethical, philosophical, religious, and cultural belief of any given society. Two most important principle of pluralism according to Timothy J. Demy and Gary P. Stewart (2000) is the so-called ‘distributive justice and the retributive justice (p. 75). The pluralist principle of distributive justice includes the emphasis on equity, equality, and need. As Barbara Mellers and Jonathan Baron explain, distributive justice is concern with fairness which defines the â€Å"apportionment of rewards, with the goal of facilitating social interaction† (p. 90). In other words, the pluralist principle of distributive justice is concern about equality and that justice and fairness is equally serving to all races regardless of beliefs and all barriers imposed by racist and discriminatory segment of the society. This is very important in our society for us to be able to live peacefully and meaningfully. The other most important pluralist principle is the retributive justice. Retributive justice according to Demy has to do with punishment of the crimes committed. In other words, crimes deserve punishment, â€Å"what one sow is what one reaps. † I believe that this important principle in order for the society to maintain order, peace, and security. State punishments of crimes committed are just as they are within the definition of the law. Retributive justice makes our society orderly, peacefully, and securely for everyone. The most important principle of environmental pragmatism There are perhaps several important principles of environmental pragmatism but due to space limitation, I only discuss in this paper the most important one. This principle is that, â€Å"the environmental issues have important value and ethical components that must be addressed in the formulation of environment policy† (Minteer, B. A. & Manning, R. E. 2003, p. 220). This principle is true not only in the context of the writer but in the context of the reality that confronts us, regarding the problem of global warming and climate change. In this context, environmental issues are very important in the formulation of environment policy because it concerns the future of our society and the future of our world. Which principle best complement my values and ethical beliefs regarding environmental issues. While ecofeminism provides us understanding about how sustainable level of progress can be attained with out abusing the environment, and the principle of pluralism showed us the way to live a peaceful life and secure life, but it is the principle of environmental pragmatism that best complement my values and ethical beliefs regarding environmental issues. I would like to emphasize further this view by entreating everyone wherever part of the globe to be environmentally conscious. As for me, I firmly believe that all environmental issues are important issues that can affect our lives not only in our generation but also the next generations and onwards. We must all be aware of the impact of pollution that we tossed up in to the atmosphere and try to do our part to stop the things that pollutes our society, and our planet. Let us rally our selves in support of the effort of preventing global warming and climate change to get worse.I believe it not to late yet to act on this problem. References Demy, T. J. & Stewart, G. P. (2000) Politics and Public Policy USA: Kregel Publication Gaard, G. C. (1993) Ecofeminism USA: Temple University Press Mellers, B. A. & Baron, J. (1993) Psychological Perspective son Justice USA: Cambridge University Press Meyer, M. K. & Prugl, E. (1999) Gender Politics in Global Governance USA: Rowman & Littlefield Minteer, B. A. & Manning, R. E. 2003, p. 220 Reconstructing Conservation USA: Island Press